Chapter 4
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This pattern of growth begins at the head and moves downward through the body.
What is Cephalocaudal pattern?
This reflex occurs when a baby’s cheek is stroked and they turn toward the touch.
What is rooting reflex?
This is Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development, lasting from birth to age two.
What is sensorimotor stage?
Incorporating new information into existing schemes is called this.
What is assimilation?
This type of smile occurs in response to an external stimulus, often a face.
What is social smile?
This type of sleep, common in infants, involves rapid eye movement and is thought to promote brain development.
What is REM sleep?
The ability to grasp small objects using the thumb and forefinger is called this.
What is pincer grip?
In this stage, children begin to represent the world with words and images.
What is preoperational stage?
This Piagetian process involves grouping behaviors and thoughts into a higher-order cognitive system.
What is organization?
When infants “read” emotional cues from caregivers to guide their behavior, they are using this skill.
What is social referencing?
The specialization of function in one hemisphere of the brain is known as this.
What is lateralization?
This theory proposes that infants develop motor skills by actively assembling them through interaction with their environment.
What is dynamic systems theory?
This concept refers to infants coordinating sensory experiences with physical actions to understand the world.
What is sensorimotor intelligence?
The ability to classify objects logically and reason about concrete events emerges in this stage.
What is concrete operational stage?
Around 18 months, infants typically begin demonstrating this ability when looking in a mirror.
What is self-recognition?
Which of the following is true of synaptic overproduction with respect to synaptic connections between neurons?
A) Both heredity and environment are thought to influence the timing and course of synaptic overproduction.
B) The peak of synaptic overproduction in the visual cortex occurs at about 1 year of age.
C) The peak of synaptic overproduction in the prefrontal cortex takes place at about the fourth postnatal month.
D) Synaptic overproduction does not occur in areas of the brain involved in hearing and language.
A) Both heredity and environment are thought to influence the timing and course of synaptic overproduction.
Which of the following is true of perceptual narrowing?
A) It is the concept that infants are more likely to distinguish between faces to which they have been exposed than faces that they have never seen before.
B) It is a concept that involves the recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation.
C) It is a decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus.
D) It is the ability to relate and integrate information from two or more sensory modalities, such as vision and hearing.
A) It is the concept that infants are more likely to distinguish between faces to which they have been exposed than faces that they have never seen before.
Heather is shown a teddy bear. The teddy bear is then hidden from her, and she searches for it. This shows that this child has developed a sense of
A) symbolic manipulation.
B) infinite generativity.
C) telegraphic thinking.
D) object permanence.
D) object permanence.
Remembering how to swim is an example of
A) implicit memory.
B) deferred imitation.
C) joint attention.
D) explicit memory.
A) implicit memory.
A 2-year-old is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose. The child will most likely
A) touch his own nose to wipe off the spot.
B) touch the spot on the mirror to try to wipe the spot off his nose.
C) touch the spot on the mirror because he wonders why the other child has a spot on his nose.
D) crawl away from the mirror because he does not recognize himself with the spot on his nose.
A) touch his own nose to wipe off the spot.
When Karen Adolph and Justine Hoch explain that motor development is enculturated, they mean to make the point that
A) social and cultural contexts influence motor behavior.
B) motor development contributes to infants’ and children’s development in other domains.
C) motor behavior involves the current status of a child’s body.
D) environmental circumstances can facilitate or restrict possibilities for motor behavior.
A) social and cultural contexts influence motor behavior.
According to the neuroconstructivist view of brain development,
A) biological processes and environmental conditions influence the brain's development.
B) the brain does not have plasticity and therefore functions independent of context.
C) a child's cognitive development is weakly linked to the development of the brain.
D) our genes determine how our brains are wired
A) biological processes and environmental conditions influence the brain's development.
Identify the error that occurs when infants make the mistake of selecting a familiar hiding place rather than a new hiding place as they progress into Piaget's fourth substage of the sensorimotor stage.
A) Type 1 error
B) Type 2 error
C) F-not-N error
D) A-not-B error
D) A-not-B error
In her book Growing Up with Language, which of the following suggestions did Naomi Baron (1992) make for facilitating language development in toddlers?
A) Remember to listen.
B) Supply words and thoughts, for the child to avoid frustration.
C) Use questions that encourage the child to answer "yes" or "no."
D) Let the toddler know when he or she is not being clear in communicating.
A) Remember to listen.
Insecure avoidant babies show
A) displeasure by violently reacting to the situation.
B) insecurity by avoiding the caregiver.
C) secure attachment to the caregiver.
D) insecurity by avoiding the stranger.
B) insecurity by avoiding the caregiver.