Key Terms
A process that arouses, maintains, and guides behavior toward a goal.
Motivation
A combination of arousal, physical sensations, and subjective feelings that occurs spontaneously in response to environmental stimuli.
Emotion
A value that is defended to maintain homeostasis.
Set Points
lower parts of the nervous system send “alerts” to the _______ _______
Cerebral Cortex
Humans consume a range of diets, from the nearly all-meat diet of the traditional Inuit cultures to the vegan diet.
Hunger & Eating
A state of tension and arousal triggered by cues important for survival.
Drive
The idea that a type of emotion is the result of a sequence of events.
The James–Lange Theory of Emotion
Allow an animal to be aroused only when necessary, such as when it needs food, and then reduce arousal following the solution of a problem, such as after a meal.
Motivational Systems
Controls many activities of our glands and organs, participates in the general arousal associated with emotional states.
Autonomic Nervous System
I control my emotions by changing the way I think about the situation I’m in.
Interpreting Emotion
A steady internal balance, or equilibrium.
Homeostasis
A theory of emotion that views emotion as a reservoir that fills up and spills over; it predicts that expressing an emotion will reduce arousal.
Catharsis
Motivation begins with a _______, arising from either the internal or the external environment of the organism, that serves as a cue for motivated behavior.
Stimulus
Regions of cortex located at the junction of the frontal and temporal lobes.
Insula
A personality test indicated they were likely to spend their future alone without significant relationships were far less helpful across different types of tasks than participants who were told that they were likely to have a future featuring acceptance and belongingness.
Cognitive and Social Motives
The detection and assessment of stimuli that are relevant to personal well-being.
Appraisal
The sight of the bear would immediately and simultaneously trigger a subjective feeling of fear (“whoa, there’s a bear in my room”) and physical sensations (probably the autonomic nervous system’s fight-or-flight response in this example).
The Cannon–Bard Theory
A reward from an outside source.
Extrinsic Rewards
The ___________ participates in any of the emotional states that also engage that system.
hypothalamus
Darwin discovered that humans and other primates use the same facial muscles to produce emotional expressions, leading him to hypothesize that emotions evolved.
The Evolution of Emotion
A reward that pulls an organism’s behavior in a particular direction.
Incentive
A two-factor theory of emotion that adds an intermediate step between physical sensations and subjective feelings.
The Schachter–Singer Two-Factor Theory
____ _______ of motivation are often described as push theories because drive is seen as pushing an organism toward a goal.
Drive Theories
A major gateway between the amygdala and other subcortical structures and the frontal areas of the cortex.
The Cingulate Cortex
A short time after American television was available, however, Fijian rates of dieting and eating disorders grew to match American rates and ideal beauties became slimmer.
Sexual Motivation