Stress
What type of conflict is the least stressful and why?
Approach-approach because you can't lose, they're both good options
1/3/33%, may be stigmatized/not seek help
What are the 4 D's of abnormal behavior? Explain them
deviance- non normative behaviour in its culture
dsyfunction- impairment in daily functioning
distress- personal pain
danger- risk of harm to themselves/others
What might a therapy session with a client-centered therapy/rogers approach look like?
What role does the therapist have in cognitive therapy and what therapy is this the opposite of?
very direct, active, and challenging. opposite of person-centered
What are 4 examples of ineffective coping?
avoidance, giving up (learned helplessness), striking out, excessive self-indulgence
Why does having one panic attack often end up turning into a full panic disorder?
you'll notice normal physiological responses or minor ones and overthink about it turning into a panic attack again, making the arousal more severe, going into a cycle and boom, panic attack
What disorder is seen as having the best, and which has the worst prognosis and why?
Best- phobic disorders, pretty easy to treat with exposure therapy and nonspecific
Worst- schizophrenia, hard to treat and usually stays for your whole life, lots of bad symptoms
What is transference and in what therapy approach is it seen as a good thing and why?
when the client relates to the therapist in a way that mimics their personal relationships. good in psychoanalysis because brings out unconscious conflicts they can work through
Why is ECT so controversial?
very extreme and aren't sure why it works, causes short term and sometimes long term side effects like memory loss
What are 4 examples of constructive coping?
confronting problems directly, making realistic appraisals of your resources, recognizing and reducing destructive emotional responses, making efforts to reduce effects of stress on your body
What are 3 positive and 3 negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
negative- flat emotions, social withdrawal, apathy, impaired attention/speech
What's the etiology of anxiety disorders?
biological- moderate genetic predisposition, GABA abnormalities
learning- acquired through classical conditioning/maintained through operant
cognitive- negative thinking styles
stress- childhood/recent stress can trigger it
Positive psychology has been especially beneficial in treating what disorder, and how does it relate to it's etiology?
depression, it works on recognizing strengths/appreciating blessings/savour positive experiences so essentially challenging negative thinking
What is aversion therapy and what principle is it based on?
pairing an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus with one eliciting an undesirable response like alcohol to get you to associate them, based on classical conditioning
List the 4 types of stressors and explain each one
Frustration- want something but can't have it
Conflict- have to decide between desires/impulses
Change-alterations that require adjustment
Pressure- expectation/demand to act a certain way
What are loose associations and how are they different from how a manic or person with ADHD would behave?
having trouble with linear thought- can't stay on track/answer correctly. Different as it's not that their thoughts are too fast like manic/ADHD, but have trouble with staying on track
What's the etiology of mood disorders?
Biological- genetic predisposition, low serotonin (depression) and norepinephrine, reduced hippocampus volume
Cognitive- learned helplessness, negative thinking, rumination, hindsight bias
Interpersonal Factors- inadequate social skills
What common factors of insight therapy are thought to be what makes it effective?
-alliance with therapist
-emotional support/empathy
-hope and positive expectations
-rationale for feelings and a way to reduce them
-opportunity to express feelings/confront problems
What is systematic desensitization and what 2 strategies are used in it and when are they used?
uses exposure to reduce anxiety
1. quanitifying anxiety on a scale and slowly going through it, getting too more extreme things- ideal
2. doing deep muscle relaxation while thinking about their anxiety- used when there's no scale/can't act out the anxiety
What's the general adaptation response and how does it work in terms of it's stages?
the pattern of nonspecific physiological stress responses
alarm- recognize the threat, arousal
resistance- coping begins, stabilize
exhaustion- depleted resources, arousal decreases
Borderline- instability (all or nothing), poor self image and social relationships
Antisocial- "sociopath", lack an adequate conscience
Narcissistic- inflated self importance/entitlement
all in the dramatic/impulsive cluster
What's the etiology of schizophrenia?
Biological- genetic vulnerability moderated by IQ, excess/reduced dopamine- many other interactions among neurotransmitters, weed can trigger it, enlarged brain ventricles, smaller brain areas, damage to brain in prenatal development
1. understand everyone's roles/interactions within the family unit that is causing distress
2. help communication and move towards healthier interaction
1. often superficial and short term as they don't cure but provide temporary relief
2. relapse rates/dependency on the drug
3. overprescribed and will prescribe multiple even if they don't know how they'd interact
4. undermine insight therapies
5. damaging side effects
6. disrupt neurotransmitters that may increase vulnerability