Studying and Encoding Memories
Persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
Memory
What is working memory?
The newer understanding of short term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long term memory
3 factors that are automatically processed in implicit memory.
Space, time, frequency
Effortful processing strategies. Give me them and an example of each.
chunking, mnemonics, and hierarchies
Capacity for storing long-term memories is _____ in time
limitless
What does retention measure?
Recalling information, recognizing information, and relearning material more easily on the second attempt
What is explicit memory?
AKA declarative memory and is memory of facts and experiences one consciously knows
Automatic processing happens _____. With experience and practice, learned skills can become ____.
effortlessly; automatic
An excellent student uses Quizlet and starts studying a week before the exam. This student is taking advantage of what two forms of distributed practice?
Spacing effect and testing effect
What are the two conscious memory systems and define each.
Semantic: explicit memory of facts and general knowledge (when Christmas is) and Episodic: Explicit memory of personally experienced events (when I learned how to play softball)
What is the information processing model?
The model that compares human memory to that of computer operations and involves three processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval
Mia is recalling a memory of her childhood that involves her in a longitudinal study. She is likely using her explicit or implicit memory?
explicit
Give me the two types of sensory memory, along with a short definition and example.
Iconic (visual) and echoic (auditory).
If you are not paying attention and I ask you what I just said you can likely repeat back to me what I said because it is stored in your ____ processing. Whereas a person actually paying attention could explain to me what I just said but in a deeper meaning. This person has stored ______ processed this information
shallow; deep
What is the cortex responsible for in memory?
memory consolidation (neural storage for long-term memories)
How does the information-processing model view memory?
as a product of interconnected neural networks
What is implicit memory?
AKA nondeclarative memory and is retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection.
Sensory memory feeds the ___ ___ ____.
active working memory. It records momentary images of scenes and sounds
Material is more easily stored when it is _____ meaningful. It requires ___ effort compared to nonsense material
more; less
What brain structures are responsible for explicit and implicit memories. What about highly emotional "flash bulb" memories?
explicit hippocampus and frontal lobes and implicit cerebellum and basal ganglia. Amygdala for flash bulb
What are the three processing stages in the classic Atkinson-Shiffrin model?
-we record new information as fleeting sensory memory
-we process into short term where we encode and reherse it
-move into long term for later retrieval
implicit (classically conditioned to be afraid of dr offices)
briefly... varies with ages and distractions... around 7
Shallow processing encodes on a ____ level while deep processing is encoded ______
basic; semantic
What causes infantile amnesia
lack of language skills and underdeveloped hippocampus