Oh NO the baby!
Psychologists & their ideas
conditioning/responses/stimuli
to learn, reinforce, & punish
memory
100
the reflexes babies are born with 
grasping, sucking, rooting
100
-Bandura 

-Loftus

-known for conducting work on observational learning


-known for ground-breaking work on the misinformation effect and eyewitness memory & the creation and nature of false memories 

100
responses 
conditioned: a response to a conditioned stimulus; a response that has been learned


unconditioned: a response that doesn't have to be learned; such as a reflex

100
learning 
a change in behavior, resulting from experience
100
flashbulb memory
vivid memories


200
common teratogens 
environmental factors: drugs, alcohol, infections, 
200
the theories of Harlow & Ainsworth 
Henry Harlow: love is just as important as physical/biological means 


Mary Ainsworth: "Attachment Theory" (secure & insecure; avoidant & ambivalent)

200
stimuli
conditioned: a stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place


unconditioned: a stimulus that elicits a response that is innate and does not require any prior learning

200
observable learning
the modification of a behavior after exposure to at least one performance of that behavior 


200
chunking
using working memory to organize information into meaningful units to make it easier to remember 
300
the stages of prenatal development 
germinal: 1st two weeks 


embryonic: 2 weeks to 2 months

fetal: 3 months to the rest of birth


300
Piaget 
stages of cognitive development:

-assimilation

-accommodation

sensorimotor 

300
conditioning 
classical conditioning: always begins with a stimulus that naturally elicits a response 


operant conditioning: a learning process in which the consequences of an action determine the likelihood that the action will be performed in the future 

second-order conditioning: conditioned response that involve emotional or behavior disturbances to stimuli that are in themselves not directly threatening

300
positive & negative punishment 
positive: the addition of a stimulus to decrease the probability that a behavior will recur 


negative: the removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability that a behavior will recur

300
the goodness of eyewitness testimony 
can be unreliable because there is no concrete evidence 
400
Kohlberg
stages of moral development: pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional 
400
extinction & spontaneous recovery
extinction: a process in which the conditioned response is weakened when the conditioned stimulus is repeated without the unconditioned stimulus


spontaneous recovery: a process in which a previously extinguished response reemerges after the conditioned stimulus is presented again 

400
(6) types of reinforcement 
primary, secondary, positive, negative, continuous, partial
400
implicit/explicit memory 
implicit memory: system for long-term storage of unconscious memories that cannot be verbally described


explicit memory: system for long-term storage of conscious memories that can be verbally described 

500
Erik Erikson 
stages of psychosocial development (8)

infancy, toddler, preschool, childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, middle adulthood, old age

500
generalization & discrimination 
generalization: learning that occurs when stimuli [that are similar but not identical] to the conditioned stimulus produce the conditioned response


discrimination: differentiation between 2 similar stimuli

500
(4) schedules of reinforcement 

fixed interval: reinforcing the occurrence of a particular behavior after a predetermined amount of time since last reward


variable interval: reinforcing the occurrence of a particular behavior after an unpredicted & varying amount of time since last reward

fixed ratio: reinforcing a particular behavior after that behavior has occurred a predetermined number of times

variable ratio: reinforcing a particular behavior after that behavior has occurred an unpredictable and number of times

500
phases of memory 
encoding: the processing of information so that it can be stored 


storage: the retention of encoding representations over time

retrieval: the act of recalling/remembering stored information when it is needed

M
e
n
u