Developmental
the cognitive understanding that objects, people, and events continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched
Object Permanence
The tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information that confirms one’s preexisting beliefs, while ignoring or discounting contradictory evidence.
Confirmation Bias
Which disorder is characterized by delusions, hallucinations (positive symptoms), and flat affect (negative symptoms)?
Schizophrenia
A relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge due to experience.
Learning
Chemical messengers produced within neurons that transmit signals across the synaptic cleft to other neurons, muscles, or glands
Neurotransmitters
Coined by Vygotsky, the technique of offering temporary, structured support to a learner (like hints or modeling) and gradually removing it as they gain mastery.
Scaffolding
mental shortcuts, "rules of thumb," or intuitive strategies that simplify decision-making and problem-solving, allowing for quick, "good enough" solutions when optimal ones are impractical
Hueristics
A form of treatment focused on client-centered therapy. What field of psychology is this based on? (Think Carl Rogers)
Humanistic
Learning that two events occur together
Associative Learning
Processes emotions, particularly fear and aggression.
Amygdala
An observational research method that analyzes data from a population at a specific point in time, acting as a "snapshot" to measure prevalence of diseases, behaviors, or outcomes
Cross Sectional Stage
Explain the difference between explicit and implicit memory.
Explicit: Conscious recall of facts and events.
Implicit: Unconscious memory to perfrom tasks (riding a bike)
Describe positive vs negative symptons
Positive symptoms are added behaviors (hallucinations); negative symptoms are the absence of appropriate behaviors (flat affect, catatonia).
The weakening and disappearance of a behavior when it is no longer reinforced is called...
Extinction
"Little brain" at the back of the brainstem; coordinates voluntary movements, balance, and procedural memory.
Cerebellum
A stage of Piaget's Theory of Development, stating that children use symbols and words to represent objects, but lack logical reasoning and exhibit egocentrism.
Preoperational Stage
the initial, selective process of transforming sensory input (sights, sounds, meanings) into a construct that the brain can store and later retrieve
Encoding
Which disorder alternates between the hopelessness of depression and the overexcited state of mania?
Bipolar Disorder
Pavlov rang a bell, and his dog started salivating before it saw the food because, after repetitive exposure to the stimulus, it associated the ringing sound with the food. What type of conditioning is this called?
Classical Conditioning
Which lobe processes sensory information (touch, temperature, pain) and spatial awareness; it contains the Somatosensory Cortex.
Parietal Lobe
Explain Harry Harlow's Monkey Experiment, and what that concluded about the relationship between maternal relationships and child development.
Infant attachment is driven by contact comfort rather than just nourishment. Baby monkeys preferred soft, cloth surrogate mothers over wire ones that provided food, using the cloth mother for safety, comfort, and exploration. These studies highlighted that maternal deprivation causes severe, often irreversible, social and emotional damage.
Mental frameworks that organize information.
Schema
An integrative therapy combining cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior).
Cognitive Behavior Therapy
Negative Reinforcement: Increasing behavior by removing
Positive Punishment: Decreasing behavior by adding Negative Punishment: Decreasing behavior by removing
This part of the nervous system prepares the body for "fight-or-flight" during stress, increasing heart rate and dilating pupils.
Sympathetic Nervous System