History & Approaches
Research Methods
States of Consciousness
Learning Part 1
Learning Part 2
100
Emerged from the pioneering work of Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, and B. F. Skinner. Emphasizes observable behavior that can be objectively measured
What is Behavioral Perspective?
100
The factor that is manipulated or controlled by the experimenter.
What is Independent Variable?
100
Type of sleep during which rapid eye movements and dreams usually occur. Referred to as paradoxical sleep because it is simultaneously characterized by active eye movements and loss of muscle movement.
What is REM Sleep?
100
Based upon the pioneering work of Ivan Pavlov. The learning process that occurs when a previously neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.
What is Classical Conditioning?
100
A stimulus that produces no conditioned response prior to learning.
What is Neutral Stimulus?
200
Emerged from the pioneering work of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. Emphasizes the importance of self-esteem, free will, and choice in human behavior.
What is Humanistic Perspective?
200
Group this is exposed to all experimental conditions, except the independent variable.
What is Control Group?
200
A trancelike state of heightened suggestibility, deep relaxation, and intense focus.
What is Hypnosis?
200
The gradual weakening of a conditioned behavior when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.
What is Extinction?
200
Reinforcement that is unpredictable because the response varies. For example, casino slot machines use this.
What is Variable Ratio Schedule?
300
Emerged from the pioneering work of Sigmund Freud. Emphasizes the role of unconscious conflicts in determining behavior and personality.
What is Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Perspective?
300
A procedure in which neither the researcher nor the participant knows which group received the experimental treatment. Designed to reduce experimenter bias.
What is Double-Blind Study?
300
It is very hard to awaken someone in this stage of sleep.
What is Stage Four?
300
A learning process in which behavior is shaped and maintained by consequences (rewards or punishments) that follow a response. In this learning process the behavior is controlled by the stimuli that precede a response.
What is Operant Conditioning?
300
Reinforcement occurs after a predetermined time as elapsed. For example, you receive a paycheck every Friday.
What is Fixed Interval Schedule?
400
Influenced by the computer revolution, this perspective compares the mind to a computer that encodes, processes, and stores information. Psychologists from this perspective emphasize thinking, perceiving, and information processing.
What is Cognitive Perspective?
400
Variables that have an unwanted influence on the outcome of an experiment. Also known as extraneous variables.
What is Confounding Variable?
400
Biological processes that systematically vary over a period of about 24 hours.
What is Circadian Rhythm?
400
This strengthens a response and makes it more likely to occur.
What is Reinforcement?
400
A natural stimulus that reflexively elicits a response without the need for prior learning.
What is Unconditioned Stimulus?
500
Emphasizes genetics, the roles of various parts of the brain, and the structure and function of individual nerve cells.
What is Biological Perspective?
500
A numerical value from +1.00 to -1.00 that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables.
What is Correlation Coefficient? A positive correlation indicates that the two variables move or vary in the same direction. A negative correlation indicates that the two variables move or vary in opposite directions. A zero correlation indicates that there is no relationship between the two variables.
500
Daydreaming, meditation, intoxication, sleep and hypnosis are all types of?
What are Altered States of Consciousness?
500
A situation in which a behavior or response is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus. This increases the likelihood of a behavior by enabling a person to either escape an existing aversive stimulus or avoid an aversive stimulus before it occurs.
What is Negative Reinforcement?
500
Occurs by watching others and then imitating or modeling the behavior.
What is Observational Learning?
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