Key Terms
Memories in the form of motor skills (e.g., driving, riding a bike, shuffling cards, etc).
What is procedural memories?
Proposed that memory consisted of three stores: a sensory register, short-term memory, (STM) and long-term memory (LTM).
What is Multi Store Memory Model?
An experimental surgery removed tissue from the medial temporal lobe (including the hippocampus) on both sides of the brain.
What is Milner(HM)?
Explain one model of memory with reference to one study.
What is...
Multi store memory Model
- Glanzer & Cunitz (1966)
- Milner (1966)
Working Memory Model
- Baddeley & Hitch
- Vallar & Baddeley
etc
Explain localization of function, with reference to one study.
What is HM (Milner), Maguire (2002), corkin (1997
A mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a given person's mind when making a decision.
What is availability heuristic?
Cognitive structures that use prior experience and knowledge to assist recall, guide our behavior, and help us to make sense of current experiences.
What is Schema Theory?
Role of 5-HT in depression after stressful events, compared gene alleles from participants via gene sequencing. Possible link to depression vulnerability after stress if 5-HTT gene is the shorter mutation.
What is Caspi et al?
Explain reconstructive Memory with reference to one study.
What is...
Loftus & Palmer
Loftus & Pickrell
Bahrick et all
etc
Explain the effect of one neurotransmitter on human behavior, with reference to one study.
What is
Studies: Rogers and kesner (2003), etc
Neruotransmitters:
Acetylcholine,Dopamin,Serotonin Norepinephrine
genetically identical siblings born at the same time
What is Monozygotic (MZ) twins
Frederic Bartlett proposed memories cannot be simply retrieved but are rather influenced by perceptions, beliefs, and past experiences. You add your own interpretations of events in terms of what makes sense to you.
Loftus supports this theory and has made two studies regarding this theory.
What is Reconstructive Memory?
Aim: to replicate the findings of Mueller and Oppenheimer's (2014) study.
Procedure: 142 participants were randomly assigned to view one of five lectures in one of two conditions: taking notes by hand or with a laptop. The lectures were TED talks - each lasting about 15 minutes. They were the same talks that were used in the original study. Participants were asked to take notes as if they were in a class lecture. After distractor tasks, they completed the quiz for the lecture they had viewed.
Results: The researchers found that taking notes using a laptop led to a higher word count than taking notes longhand. In addition, the laptop group's notes were often word for word from the lecture. However, there was no significant difference in the number of correctly answered questions. It appears that the mode of note-taking had no significant effect on recall.
Conclusion: It doesn’t matter how students take notes.
What is Urry et al (2021)
Explain schema theory with reference to one study.
Bartlett (1932), Brewer & Treyens (1981), Bransford & Johnson (1972), Anderson & Pichert (1979)
Explain one ethical consideration in one study of the brain and behavior.
What is
informed consent etc
H.M etc
A type of interview where the researcher has the participant "think aloud" while solving a problem.
What is verbal protocols?
posits that humans use two distinct cognitive systems for thinking and decision-making: a fast, intuitive system (System 1 or Type 1) and a slower, more analytical system (System 2 or Type 2). System 1 is automatic, effortless, and relies on heuristics, while System 2 is deliberate, conscious, and involves conscious effort.
what is Dual Processing Model
Researchers compared the behavioral traits of DZ and MZ twins to analyze the impact of genetics and environment on particular traits or characteristics of human beings.
This study can be used to determine the role that genes plays in ones intelligence and personality.
What is The Minnesota Twin Study?
Explain the Working Memory Model with reference to two study.
Baddeley & Hitch (1976), Landry & Bartling (2011)
Explain the role of one antagonist with reference to two study.
what is
What is an antagonist:
A drug that blocks or reduces the effects of another substance, interfering with the binding to a receptor.
Studies to use:
Antonova (2011) etc
Brown and Kuilk's theory that memories created as a result of high levels of emotions are like photographs. The theory argues that a lot of peripheral and irrelevant information is retrained.
Flashbulb memory
Suggests that good decision making depends on an ability to access appropriate emotional information linked to the situation in which the decision is being made.
What is Somatic marker hypothesis?
Aim: To observe the properties of flashbulb memories and their effect on emotions.
Procedure: One day after the 9/11 terrorist attacks, students relayed their memory of the event. Then, the students were divided into groups and the groups were called back to tell what happened to them on 9/11 after a period of time passed. One group was tested after 7 days, one after 42 days, and one group after 224 days.
Result: They found that flashbulb memories are not remembered any more consistently than normal memories.
Conclusion: Flashbulb memories are only different from other memories in that people have confidence in their memory of the event. We do not hold onto them any more than we do with any other memory, but people are confident in their account of them.
Implications: This study shows that flashbulb memories aren’t their own special type of memory. Though they store some kind of traumatic event, they aren’t any more reliable than any other kind of memory, meaning that people will often have inaccurate accounts of important life events.
What is Talerico & Rubin (2003)
Explain two study of the influence of emotion on one cognitive process.
Brown & Kulik (1977), Talerico & Rubin (2003), Neisser & Harsch (1992), Sharot et al (2007)
Explain the effect of one hormone on human behavior with reference to two study.
What is
Hormone:
cortisol etc
Studies to use:
Newcomer et al (1999) etc