People
Who is Sigmund Freud?
Developed psychoanalysis; considered to be "father of modern psychiatry"
Psychology
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
The part of the endocrine system that is responsible for overseeing and regulating the release of hormones across the entire body is the...
hypothalamus
The Gestalt principle that refers to an individual’s tendency to perceive an incomplete figure as whole is called...
Closure
classical vs. operant conditioning
classical conditioning pairs a stimulus with a response to produce a behavior that is unconscious and involuntary (reflexive behaviors)
operant conditioning uses the consequences (e.g., reinforcement or punishment) of a voluntary behavior to influence the probability that the behavior will occur again.
Who is Phineas Gage?
his survival of a horrible industrial accident taught us about the role of the frontal lobes
Standard deviation
A measure of dispersion that indicates how much the scores in a sample differ from the mean in the sample.
Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system results in...
A decrease in heart rate
Which is the correct path a neural impulse will follow through the different layers of the retina?
Rods and cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve
recall vs. recognition memory
recall: ability to retrieve and reproduce information encountered earlier (fill in the blank or essay)
recognition: ability to identify information you have previously seen read, or heard about (TF/MC)
Who is Fritz Perls?
Creator of Gestalt Therapy
Glial glands
also called glia; the second of two types of cells in the nervous system; glial cells provide support, nutritional benefits, and other functions and keep neurons running smoothly
Consistent with the concept of neural plasticity, neurons in mammals have been found to change the way they function as a result of repeated stimulation by...
Growing new dendritic spines
Negative afterimages are explained by...
the opponent-process theory
(PERSONALITY) Type A vs. Type B
Type A: goal-oriented personality characterized by a sense of time urgency, competitive, and hostility.
Type B: relaxed personality characterized by self-satisfaction than Type A
Who is Raymond Cattell?
intelligence: fluid & crystal intelligence; personality testing: 16 Personality Factors (16PF personality test)
Hardiness
a personality trait characterized by a sense of commitment rather than alienation and of control rather than powerlessness; a perception of problems as challenges rather than threats
REM sleep, generally an “active” state of sleep, is accompanied by which paradoxical characteristics?
Lowered muscle tone
Evidence for the opponent-process theory of color vision is provided by the fact that...
the eyes see negative afterimages after staring at saturated colors for several minutes
(SOCIAL) social exchange theory vs. reciprocity norm
social exchange theory an explanation of how individuals act in a reciprocal relationship where the behavior is the result of the reward of the interaction minus the cost
reciprocity norm the strong urge people feel to return favors
Who is Martin Seligman?
Conducted experiments with dogs that led to the concept of "learned helplessness"
Superchiasmatic nucleus
A small brain structure that uses input from the retina to synchronize its own rhythm with the daily cycle of light and dark; the body's way of monitoring the change from day to night.
Which is consistent with the arousal of the sympathetic nervous system? (Hint: Elevated levels of...)
Elevated levels of cortisol
Consider the relationship between various body parts and the size of their corresponding somatosensory cortex areas in the brain. How does a body part relate to the devoted cortical area?
The more sensitive the body part, the larger the area of the somatosensory cortex.
alpha vs. delta waves
alpha brain waves associated with a normal awake, healthy adult, marked by relaxation and calmness
delta brain waves associated with during deepest most relaxed state: generally 1 or 2 hours after sleep (slower and more irregular)