The Basics
What is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes?
Psychology
Who is the “father of psychoanalysis”?
Sigmund Freud
Behaviorism studies only what?
Observable behavior
In Pavlov’s experiment, what made the dogs salivate after conditioning?
The bell (conditioned stimulus)
What is the nickname for psychology’s “nature vs nurture” debate?
What is the nickname for psychology’s “nature vs nurture” debate?
What are “mental processes”?
Internal thoughts, feelings, and cognitive activities (thinking, memory, perception).
Who is known for classical conditioning with dogs?
Ivan Pavlov
Humanism emphasizes what two things?
Free will and personal growth
What experiment by John Watson showed fears can be learned?
The “Little Albert” experiment
What part of the brain is often called the “thinking” part?
The cerebral cortex
What is “behavior” in psychology?
Observable actions or responses of humans and animals.
Who studied operant conditioning with rewards and punishments?
B.F Skinner
What school of thought focused on unconscious drives and early childhood experiences?
Psychoanalysis
In operant conditioning, what is it called when a behavior increases because it is followed by a reward?
Positive reinforcement
What’s the term for “temporary storage” of information in the brain?
Short-term memory (or working memory)
Which research method uses surveys, experiments, or observations to gather data?
The scientific method.
Who created the hierarchy of needs?
Abraham Maslow
The cognitive revolution focused on studying what mental processes?
Memory, language, thought, problem-solving
What is the term for gradually rewarding steps toward a desired behavior?
Shaping
What’s the placebo effect?
When someone experiences real changes because they believe they got treatment, even if they didn’t.
Why is psychology considered a science rather than just common sense?
Because it relies on systematic research and evidence, not just opinions.
Who argued that children actively construct their knowledge of the world through stages of development?
Jean Piaget
Structuralism (Wilhelm Wundt) tried to study the mind by breaking it into what?
Basic elements or structures of consciousness
In Maslow’s hierarchy, what is the highest level of need?
Self-actualization
What branch of psychology studies how people influence and interact with each other?
Social psychology