Classical conditioning
What psychologist discovered classical conditioning using dogs salivating?
Ivan Pavlov
This type of learning occurs when behaviour is changed through consequences such as rewards or punishments.
operant conditioning
Who conducted the Bobo Doll experiment?
Albert Bandura
What term describes the unique characteristics that make one person different from another?
individual differences
What ethical consideration requires participants to voluntarily agree to take part in a study?
informed consent
In Pavlov's experiment, food is an example of what type of stimulus?
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Giving a dog a treat when it sits is an example of what type of consequence?
positive reinforcement
What type of learning occurs when a person observes and imitates the behaviour of others?
observational learning
Which debate examines whether behaviour is influenced more by genetics or the environment?
nature versus nurture debate
What ethical consideration gives participants the right to leave a study at any time without penalty?
right to withdraw
A dog salivates when food is presented. What is the salivation called?
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
A student puts on a seatbelt to stop the annoying car alarm. What type of operant conditioning is this?
negative reinforcement
According to Bandura, what is the first process required for observational learning to occur?
attention
In learning, what does the term "nature" refer to?
genetic and biological influences
What ethical issue occurs when researchers intentionally mislead participants about the true purpose of a study?
deception
After repeatedly pairing a bell with food, the dog salivates when hearing the bell. What is the bell now called?
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Losing phone privileges for breaking house rules is an example of what type of consequence?
response cost
In the Bobo Doll experiment, children who observed an aggressive model were more likely to do what?
imitate aggressive behaviour towards the Bobo doll
In learning, what does the term "nurture" refer to
environmental influences and experiences
A participant experiences stress, anxiety, or embarrassment during a study. Which ethical principle has potentially been violated?
protection from harm
After eating seafood at a restaurant, a person becomes ill. Months later, the smell of seafood causes nausea even though the food is safe. Name the classical conditioning concept that explains why this association formed so quickly.
Biological Preparedness (Taste Aversion)
A teacher gives detention whenever a student talks during class. The student begins talking less frequently. Identify the type of operant conditioning and explain why it fits this category.
aversive punishment
Name the four processes required for observational learning.
Two students study for the same amount of time using the same methods, but one learns much faster than the other. What concept from personal differences helps explain this?
individual differences
A researcher tells participants they are studying memory, but is actually investigating fear responses. Participants are not informed of the true aim until after the study is completed. Identify the ethical issue and explain how researchers can minimise its impact.
deception
Researchers should provide a thorough debriefing afterwards, explain the true purpose of the study, and allow participants to withdraw their data.