Social Psych
What is the theory of social categorisation?
Social Identity Theory
What are some ethical considerations when conducting research?
Right to withdraw
Consent
Debrief
Protection from physical/ psychological harm
informed consent
Deception
confidentiality
What does > and >> mean?
less than/ greater than
Much less than/ much greater than
Describe Nature and Nurture
Nature: Biological factors, genes, hormones, brain
Nurture: learnt or acquired behaviour
What does CBT stand for?
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
Strengths of social psychology
produces useful understanding of extreme behaviours
Can inform policy change in law/ education and apply intervention to improve behaviour
use of scientific method
Describe deception and how can it be considered ethical?
Deception is when participants don't agree to the real reason for research and instead will agree to something else entirely or a small portion of the research. (can be to diminish demand characteristics)
It can considered ethical if participants are debriefed
What is the difference between nominal and ordinal data?
nominal: Labels of categories
Ordinal: labels in a scale
Describe determinism and freewill
Determinism: lack of control of behaviour from genes, past experiences, people within the environment
Freewill: people are free to act as they please and are responsible for their behaviour
What is a positive of Cognitive Psychology?
real life applications - CBT
use of scientific method
Weaknesses of social psychology
Previous research put participants in unethical situations so it jeopardises future samples
Early work was situational based meaning it has low ecological validity
ignores biology
underestimates individual differences
What is meant by high ecological validity?
Findings can be generalised easily to real-life situations
Research that as nominal data with independent measure will use what non-parametric test?
Chi-Squared
Describe Reductionism and Holism
Reductionism: breaking something down into individual parts and simplifying parts
Holism: Behaviour is too complication to break into smaller parts and sees behaviour as a whole so it is difficult to make predictions
What are some negative of Cognitive Psychology?
Can be reductionist
low ecological validity
more mental processes happen that what's just being researched
Pilliavin et al. describe the aim and results
aim: how people would react to blind/ drunk people, if race would be a factor for helping behaviours, if modeling would have an effect, and if number of people would have an effect.
Results: 95% spontaneous help for blind condition
50% spontaneous help for drunk, (slight increase if same race) overall time was quicker for blind condition
no diffusion of responsibility found theorised through a cost v reward to help through motivation to reduce unpleasant feelings
What is internal and external validity?
internal validity: The extent a piece of research can support claims about course and effect
External validity: the extend findings can be generalised to situations, people, settings and measures
Research that as ordinal data with repeated measure design will use what non-parametric test?
Wilcoxon Test
Describe individual and situational
individual: Looks at personality, internal factors or disposition as cause of behaviour
situational: circumstances around a persons upbringing or context in a situation
what is a structured mental framework everyone has?
Schema
Levine et al. Describe aim and results
Aim: to ivestigate helping behaviours over a wide range of situations, find out the variation of cultures and variables in the countries which could affect helping behaviours.
Results: countries with higher purchasing power were less helpful, also more individualistic
Countries with less purchasing power were more collectivist and were more helpful
Could be attributed to faith
What is meant by ethnocentric?
When can we use parametric tests as apposed to non-parametric tests?
When the distribution in normal
the standard deviation is equal
the data is not skewed
Give an example of a piece of research that is Holism
Simons and Chabris (1999)
Bandura et al (1961)
Freud (1909)
lee et al (1997)
if you have any not on the list, explain why it is holism