Types of Memory
These are memories of well-learned skills, such as riding a bicycle.
Procedural memory
This word refers to pulling information out of memory:
retrieval
When an air traffic controller receives a request for an airplane to modify its flight path, they must visualize the plane's location relative to all other planes in the air space to ensure the new path will not lead to collisions. The air traffic controller is using this element of working memory:
visuospatial sketchpad
This is what Riley is experiencing, an otherwise neurotypical teenager who cannot remember anything before the age of three.
infantile amnesia
In one study, participants were led to falsely believe that they were lost in a shopping mall as a young child. This is the term for the memory construction error the study demonstrated.
misinformation effect
Hillary glances at a graph and then turns her head away less than a second later. She then tries to immediately remember what she saw. This type of memory is:
Iconic memory
Cassidy can only remember the titles of the first few books her teacher told her to get from the library. This is the term that best explains Cassidy's experience:
The primacy effect
This term refers to how testing yourself on new material a few days after learning it helps improve the amount of information you retain.
the testing effect
Brain scans of people with amnesia would likely show damage to this part of the brain.
hippocampus
Joe's best friend, Steven, says "My sister told me the best joke," then proceeds to tell Joe the joke he had told Steven last week.
source amnesia
While at soccer practice, Evan reminds himself he has to stop at the grocery store on the way home to pick up milk and cereal for tomorrow's breakfast. This type of memory is:
Prospective memory
Josie was given a password by her teacher. To remember it, she repeated it in her mind multiple times until she typed it into her login screen a few moments later. This is the element of working memory Josie is using:
phonological loop
This term describes how memory improves when neural pathways are strengthened through repeated activation.
long term potentiation
After a stroke, Maria cannot remember the books she just read, the songs she just heard, or the faces of people she had just met. This is the type of memory loss Maria is experiencing.
anterograde amnesia
In studies of memory reconstruction in which students viewed films of a car accident, this was the major influence on whether students accurately recalled details of the event.
Wording of questions asked about the accident ("hit" vs. "smashed")
These are memories such as recalling the equation to determine the volume of a cylinder.
semantic memory
This is the encoding method Carl should use to memorize a long list of numbers in a competition where he only has 60 seconds to do it.
Chunking
To help himself remember the name of his new colleague, Hope, Jared thinks about the meaning of her name--the feeling of hopefulness. This is the type of encoding Jared is using:
semantic encoding
Lisa learned to speak Japanese in elementary school. Now that she's in high school learning Mandarin, she's struggling with the Chinese vocabulary since her Japanese vocabulary is competing with the new Chinese words. The memory problem illustrated here is:
This is the encoding method commonly used to remember the names of planets, the cardinal directions, and the colors of the rainbow.
Mnemonics
Explain the difference between implicit and explicit memories.
explicit = conscious, intentional recall
implicit = unconscious, automatic recall
To remember a list of words, Jerry walks through his bedroom and makes associations between words on the list and various areas in his bedroom. This is the encoding method Jerry is using:
Method of loci
Jeannette does better on her exam when she drinks caffeine, since she also drinks caffeine while she studies. This is an example of:
state-dependent memory
After learning the names of her new students, a teacher has difficulty remembering the names of her former students. This term best explains the teacher's memory failure:
retroactive interference
Carol performs better in her recital when she practices the violin in short sessions, several times a day. This is the term for the encoding method Carol is using:
Distributed practice / spacing effect