source of goals
Affect
positive or negative emotional feeling that the
anticipated goal produces. Positive affect leads to approach, negative affect leads to avoidance.
physiological
physical needs
Goal Level
hierarchical rank of a goal; based on value of a goal. Higher level goals have higher
value.
Reflex Reserve
hypothetical amount of available activity for
obtaining reinforcers; related to persistence
Dating
opportunity cost; can’t be on 2 dates simultaneously
Investment Model of commitment
Valence
subjective value of a stimulus produces
psychological demand. Stimuli with the highest valence are selected as goals.
safety
absence of fear
Goal Difficulty
how hard it is to achieve a goal.
Learned Industriousness
responding in times of mental or physical
fatigue; makes success more likely. More willing to work longer without reward
Stayers
reward value increased, cost decreased
Self-Efficacy
one’s capability to perform a task.
belonging
affiliation with others
Achievement Valence
satisfaction obtained from achieving a goal.
Energy consumption and perceived exertion
effort uses up energy (Glycogen & Glucose), requires more exertion.
Leavers
no change in reward, cost increased
People
social comparison used to set performance goals.
esteem
respect of self and others
Goal Imagery
visualizing a goal.
Motivational energy from carbohydrates
Higher carbs allows more physical energy, goal more likely to be achieved.
Abandoned
pay higher cost, alternative value decreased
self-actualization
utilizing one’s abilities to the fullest
Goal Specificity
how precisely a goal is envisioned.
Motivation resources and principle of least effort
Effort depletes motivation. Give up when effort exceeds resources. Thus, less effort to achieve a goal means more goals can be accomplished; but more
difficult goals may be abandoned.
Higher investment
may make ending a relationship more costly