Cognition
What is the difference between Bottom-up vs. Top-Down?
Bottom-up processing begins with your sensory receptors and works up to the brain for understanding
Top-Down processing begins with your brain and allows our sensory organs to detect what we are sensing for.
What is the difference between Positive Reinforcement and Negative Reinforcement?
Negative Reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior by removing a bad stimulus.
Positive Reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior by presenting a good stimulus.
What are the stages of Cognitive Development?
Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational.
What are the 6 emotions we all share?
The answer:
Joy, Anger, Disgust, Fear, Sadness, and Surprise.
These are emotions we all go through, adults are better at recognizing emotions than kids.
What are the three most uncommon phobias?
1. Optophobia (fear of opening eyes)
2. Omphalophobia (fear of belly buttons)
3. Arachibutyrophobia (fear of peanut butter sticking to the roof of the mouth)
Remember this 10 digit number pattern.
4 7 6 4 8 2 2 6 8 8
What are the Schedules of Reinforcement?
Fixed-Ratio (FR)
Variable-Ratio (VR)
Fixed-Interval (FI)
Variable-Interval (VI)
What are the stages in Language Development in babies?
Cooing, Babbling, One-Word Stage, and the Two-Word Stage (Telegraphic Speech)
What is the difference between the Facial Feedback Effect and Behavior Feedback Effect?
Facial Feedback Effect is the tendency for facial muscles to trigger corresponding feelings.
Behavior Feedback Effect is the tendency for behaviors to influence thoughts/feelings.
What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is excessive worrying that persists for at least 6 months and is accompanied by irritability, restlessness, fatigue, muscle tension, and sleep disturbances.
A mute person enters the pharmacy and decides to buy a toothbrush. He imitates the movements of brushing his teeth and thus successfully explains what he needs. After him a blind person enters the pharmacy, looking for toothpaste. What does he do?
This was an insight puzzle. Insight is where you are hit with a sudden realization of a solution.
The solution: He simply says “I need toothpaste”. He is blind, not mute.
Which Schedules of Reinforcement is this?
Getting paid weekly or bi-weekly. You know the paycheck comes after a set amount of time, so you tend to work harder as payday approaches.
Fixed-Interval: Reinforcement occurs after a specific amount of time has passed.
Examples of improving a child's development.
Providing healthy habits like good nutrition, sleep, and exercise.
encourage exploration with open-ended play (building, pretend play) and asking questions.
emotional skills by discussing feelings, establishing routines, and using gentle discipline in a safe home.
What defense mechanism is this example displaying?
Someone denies that they have an alcohol or substance use disorder because they can still function and go to work each day.
This is an example of Denial.
Denial is a way to ignore reality and can prevent people from getting help or making necessary changes.
ADHD averages
Average age diagnosis:7 years old
Age where symptoms start to appear: 3-6 years old
American children being treated by medicine: 6.1%
The increase of diagnosis over the past 8 years: 42%
What is the difference between Inattentional Blindness and Change Blindness?
Change Blindness: Failing to notice changes in our environment.
Inattentional Blindness: Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.
What is the difference between Positive Punishment and Negative Punishment?
Positive Punishment decreases the likelihood of a behavior by presenting a bad stimulus.
Negative Punishment decreases the likelihood of a behavior by removing a good stimulus.
Which is the "Best" parenting style?
Authoritarian, Permissive, Negligent, and Authoritative
Authoritative is the "Best".
Authoritative is where a parent is both demanding and responsive. Set reasonable demands, but are open to discussion.
Display Rules: A socially learned standard of how to express emotions.
There are many non-verbal cues of emotions that involve the face.
Crinkled Eyes mean its a real smile.
Display Rules can be masked, intensified, deintensified, or neutralized.
What is missing from the line up of major topics in mental health?
Anxiety Disorders, Depressive (Mood) Disorders, Therapy Treatments, Biomedical Treatments
Schizophrenia and Other Disorders was missing from the line up.
Which of the following is the odd one out and why?
CD, Venus, Clock, DVD, Mars, Watch
The answer is Mars, since it spins counter-clockwise. All the other objects spin (or contain elements that spin) clockwise.
What is the definition of observational learning?
Observational Learning: Learning by watching others (also called Social Learning)
What is missing from the line up of major topics in development?
Childhood (Physical/Cognitive/Social)
Adolescence
Learning
Adulthood is missing from the line up.
What are the hardest emotions to express?
Shame, guilt, and vulnerability are the hardest emotions to express.
This is because they make us feel defective, weak, or exposed.
What is a psychological disorder?
A psychological disorder is: A syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotion, or behavior.