Schools of Psychology
Learning
Learning Continued
Research
Memory
100
What is the school of psychology that believed that the task of the science of psychology was to analyze consciousness into its basic elements and investigate how these elements are related? Bonus Question: Name one of the two scientists associated with this school of thought
Structuralism. Structuralists strive to identify the fundamental components of conscious experience, so their focus is primarily on sensation and perception.
100
When a parent potty trains a toddler, they sit the child on the toilet and wait until the child goes to the restroom. When the child finally does go to the bathroom, the parent showers the child with praise. Which kind of conditioning is this an example of?
Operant Conditioning
100
In Pavlov's Dog experiment, the bell after being paired with the food becomes what kind of stimulus?
Conditioned Stimulus. Before the food (unconditioned stimulus) was paired with the bell, the bell was a neutral stimulus, as the bell without the presence of food did not generate a response from the dog. After pairing the bell with the food, the dog began to salivate at the sound of the bell.
100
Name the three primary goals of the scientific enterprise
1) Measurement and description 2) Understanding and precision 3) Application and control
100
Name and describe the three key processes of memory
Encoding- involves forming a memory code Storage- Involves maintaining encoded information in memory over time Retrieval- Involves recovering information from memory stores
200
Which school of psychological thought discovered and focused primarily on the "unconscious" experience, which contains the thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness, but have great influence on behavior regardless? Bonus: Who was the leading scientist in this school of thought?
Psychoanalytics. This school of thought emerged from Sigmund Freud, and stems mostly from his Psychoanalytic theory.
200
When my parents come home from work, they open the garage door that makes an audible noise when it goes off. My dog Jessie gets excited that they are back and will go wait by the door. Sometimes the garage door will go off for other reasons, but my dog still gets excited thinking they are home. Which kind of conditioning is this?
Classical Conditioning
200
I get a chicken sandwich at a sketchy gas station. After, I get horrible food poisoning and spend an entire night vomiting. Now I cannot eat chicken sandwiches at all. What kind of conditioning did I experience?
Conditioned Taste Aversion. A scientist by the name of Garcia discovered that taste-nausea associations were almost instantaneous and impossible to prevent.
200
Name the 5 steps in Scientific Investigation
1 Formulate a testable hypothesis 2 Select the research method and design the study 3 Collect the data 4 Analyze the data and draw conclusions 5 report the findings
200
Name the three types of storage, as well as the typical time frame associated with each
Sensory- a fraction of a second Short-term- approximately 20 seconds Long-term
300
Which School of psychological thought operated on the belief that psychology should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness, rather than its structure? Bonus: Name the scientist that led this school of thought
Functionalism. Functionalists were more interested in how people adapt their behavior to the demands of the real world. They coined "stream of consciousness," which they argue is the real nature of consciousness. The leading scientist was William James.
300
In the Pavlov Dog experiment, the original salivating response to the food is which component of classical conditioning?
Unconditioned response
300
When I first started potty training my dog, I praised her and gave her a treat every time she went for about a week. After a week, I stopped praising her and giving her treats. Now she goes in the house again. Which component of conditioning is this?
Extinction. Extinction is the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency.
300
Name the three types of variables and explain what they mean
Independent- A condition or event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable Dependent- The variable that is thought to be affected by the manipulation of the independent variable Extraneous Variables- Any variables other than the independent variable that seem likely to influence the dependent variable in a specific study
300
In pertaining to short-term memory, what is a group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit?
Chunking
400
Which school of thought believed that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior as opposed to studying consciousness? This school of thought began to study animal behavior to make discoveries about human behavior. Bonus: Name one of the two scientists who led this school of thought.
Behaviorism. Behaviorists believed that psychology should primarily study behavior (an overt/observable response or activity by an organism) because findings could be verified using the scientific method. The two scientists were John B. Watson and B.F Skinner
400
A child begins to cry and yell in a grocery store because he/she doesn't have candy that they wanted. The mother, embarrassed at the noise, gives the child the candy, and the child stops crying. The next time the mother and child go to the store, the same situation happens. What kind of reinforcement toward the child is the mother demonstrating? Bonus: what kind of reinforcement toward the mother is the child demonstrating?
Positive reinforcement. Negative reinforcement
400
When I initially start potty training my dog, and she starts to go right away when I take her out to receive praise and a treat, what component of conditioning is that? This component refers to the initial stage of learning a new response tendency.
Acquisition. Acquisition refers to the initial stage of leaning a new response tendency.
400
Name two of the three research biases and explain to me what they mean
Sampling Bias- exists when a sample is not representative of the population from which it was drawn Social Desirability Bias- a tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself Experimenter Bias- occurs when a researcher's expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained
400
Explain what structural, phonemic, and semantic encoding are.
Structural has to do with physical structure, and how something looks. Phonemic has to do with the way the word sounds. Semantic has to do with the meaning behind the word
500
Which school of thought emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth? Bonus: Name one of the two scientists associated with this school
Humanism. Humanists felt that human drive toward personal growth should be taken into account. They focused on the "self-concept," which states that human behavior is controlled by each individual's sense of self, which animals lack. This movement was led by Abraham Mazlow and Carl Rogers.
500
What is the major difference between punishment and negative reinforcement
Punishment is the addition of a negative stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior to occur. Negative Reinforcement is removing a negative stimulus in order to increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
500
Name some of the differences between Operant and Classical Conditioning
Operant conditioning is voluntary, while classical is involuntary. Operant conditioning uses positive and negative reinforcement, while classical conditioning utilizes the pairing of stimuluses to promote a particular reaction.
500
What effect occurs when participant's expectations lead them to experience some change even though they receive empty, fake, or ineffectual treatment?
The Placebo Effect
500
What part of memory did Jean Piaget discover? This component of memory is a cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information. This component can also often lead to the development of stereotypes.
Schema
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