Psychology Test #1 Review

Psychology History

100

 Father of Psychology

Wilhem Wundt

200

First psychology experiment

Measured the difference between hearing a sound and being aware of hearing a sound. The participants had to push a button when a ball dropped, and when they were aware the ball dropped.

300

Structuralism

Edward Twitcher used introspection to build a view of the mind's structure. 

400

Functionalism

He studied human thoughts, feelings and behaviors to understand what function might the serve. 

500

Definition of Psychology

The science of behavior and mental process. 

Nature vs. Nurture

100

What is nature

traits inherited from birth (genes)

200

What is nurture

How our environment shapes our behavior and way of being. 

300

Name 3 similarities that were found in the twins who were separated at birth. 

Same amount of children

Both were hockey coaches

Did not like condiments

400

Why is behavior a biopsychosocial event?

It is the combination of our biological factors (genes), our environment (things that humans go through, what we are exposed), as well as psychological influences (our emotions, emotional responses) that make us who we are. 

500

Epigentics

When our genes are altered by environmental factors over time. For example, licking rat moms with non-liking rat babies. See video for reference.

Subfields

100

Psychoanalysis and its psychologist

emphasized the role of the subconscious, unconscious feelings, early childhood experiences. 

Sigmund Freud

200

Behaviorism and its psychologist

focus on how humans learn through association and conditioning. BF Skinner/ John B Watson

300

Humanism

Psychologist

View human beings who are thriving instead of those who have psychological problems.

Abraham Maslow

Carl Rogers

400

Cognitive

Focuses in the mental processes used in thinking, learning , remembering, and communicating.

Ethics

100

4 ethical principles for research

1. informed consent

2. beneficence (do no harm)

3. respect for anonymity and confidentiality

4. fully debrief participants

200

Describe Milgram's Experiment

The Milgram experiment was a famous and controversial study in psychology that examined people's willingness to obey authority. Participants in the study were instructed to administer electric shocks to a learner, even when that obedience caused harm to the learner.

300

Describe Zimbardo's Experiment

Zimbardo (1973) conducted an extremely controversial study on conformity to social roles, called the Stanford Prison Experiment. His aim was to examine whether people would conform to the social roles of a prison guard or prisoner, when placed in a mock prison environment

400

Ethical principles that were violated during Milgram's experiment

1. Degree of deception

2. Right to withdraw consent

3. Lack of debriefing

500

Ethical principles that were violated during Zimbardo's experiment

1. Consent lacked a full description of the effects that could take place.

2. Broken consent form (prisoner’s were told NO physical harm and this has NOT the case) 

3. Physical & psychological harm to prisoners 

4. Zimbardo’s dual role

Research

100

Hindsight Bias

I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon

The    inclination    to    see    events    that    have     already    occurred    as    being    more    predictable     than    they    were    before    they    took    place.

200

Overconfidence

We    overestimate    our     performance,    our    rate    of    work,     our    skills    and    our    degree    of     self-contro

300

"The     dice    must    be    fixed     because    you    rolled    the     three    6s    in    a    row"

this statement refers to which effect?

Perceiving order in random events

400

What type of correlation is this? 

Cooking at home; eating out

Negative correlation

500

Explain 1 pro and 1 con of conducting a case study?

Pros- in depth research of a participant

Cons- can't generalize to the entire population