The Scientific Mindset
This term describes the tendency for people to believe they would have foreseen an outcome after learning what happened
Hindsight Bias
This is the only research method that can establish a cause-and-effect relationship between variables
Experimental Method
This statistical measure is calculated by adding all numbers and dividing by the count
This is the variable that the researcher intentionally manipulates or changes
Independent Variable
This is the committee that must review and approve research involving human subjects to ensure standards are met
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
This is the scientific study of the mind and behavior
Psychology
This type of study provides a deep, intensive look at a single individual or a small group
Case Study
In a normal distribution, this percentage of data falls within one standard deviation of the mean
68%
To minimize preexisting differences between groups, researchers use this process to put participants into groups by chance
What is Random Assignment?
This ethical requirement ensures that private information is not shared without the participant's consent
Confidentiality
When we only look for information that supports what we already believe, we are experiencing this
Confirmation Bias
Researchers use this technique to collect data from a large number of people using questionnaires
Survey Technique
This type of distribution is characterized by having two different peaks or modes.
These are specific definitions of how a variable will be measured or manipulated in a study.
Operational Definitions
After a study is finished, researchers must provide this full explanation of the purpose and any deceptions used.
Debriefing
To be scientifically valid, a hypothesis must be this, meaning it is capable of being disproved
Falsifiable
This is the act of observing subjects in their natural environment without any manipulation
Naturalistic Observation
If a dataset has a few extremely high numbers that pull the average upward, it is said to have this
Positive Skew
This term describes an outside variable that might influence both the IV and DV, causing a "fake" association.
Confounding Variable
This is the agreement given by a minor who cannot provide legal consent themselves.
Informed Assent
This process involves experts in the field evaluating a study before it is published to ensure its quality.
Peer Review
To ensure that results are not just a "one-time thing," researchers perform this action of repeating a study to see if findings are consistent
Replication
This statistical index, ranging from -1 to +1, tells us the strength and direction of a relationship
Correlation Coefficient
In this type of study, neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is receiving the actual treatment.
Double-Blind Study
These people are actually part of the research team but pretend to be participants in the study
Confederates