Biopsychosocial Approach
What does the biopsychosocial approach emphasise?
That disorders are influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors.
What is the prevalence of anxiety disorders?
They are the most common class of mental disorders worldwide.
How does stigma affect help-seeking behaviour?
People avoid treatment due to fear of judgement.
Who proposed the two-factor theory of emotion?
Schachter & Singer (1962).
Who developed the concept of “flow”?
Csikszentmihalyi (2002).
Give one biological risk factor for psychological disorder.
Genes, sleep, medication, or substance use.
Name one symptom of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).
Excessive worry, restlessness, or difficulty concentrating.
What is psychotherapy?
Talk-based treatment (e.g., CBT) to change thoughts and behaviours.
Who proposed the appraisal theory of emotion?
Lazarus (1982).
What is “flow”?
A state of deep focus and engagement in an activity.
Give one psychological risk factor for psychological disorder.
Rumination, impaired reasoning/memory, or stress.
What is a defining feature of specific phobias?
Intense fear of a specific object/situation, often leading to avoidance.
What is pharmacotherapy?
Using medication to manage symptoms.
Compare the two-factor and appraisal theories of emotion.
Two-factor = emotion arises from arousal + label; Appraisal = emotion arises from cognitive evaluation of a situation.
Name one positive consequence of flow.
Increased positive affect, life satisfaction, performance, or learning.
Give one social risk factor for psychological disorder.
Disorganised attachment or poor relationships.
Explain one perceived cause of anxiety disorders.
Stress, genetic vulnerability, or traumatic experiences.
What is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?
A medical treatment using controlled electrical currents to relieve severe depression.
What is the placebo effect?
A positive effect caused by believing in treatment, not the treatment itself.
How does experiencing flow affect wellbeing?
It boosts happiness and reduces stress.
Explain how the biopsychosocial approach helps in treating disorders.
It guides holistic treatment addressing multiple causes, not just symptoms.
Compare symptoms of GAD and specific phobias.
GAD = persistent worry across situations; Phobias = intense fear of one specific trigger.
How does psychosurgery differ from other treatments?
It involves brain surgery to alter behaviour, used rarely in severe cases.
What does the broaden-and-build theory (Fredrickson, 2004) propose?
Positive emotions expand thinking and build long-term personal resources.
Compare the flow experience with the broaden-and-build theory.
Flow = optimal engagement; Broaden-and-build = positive emotions expand future resources.