Learning
a relatively permanent change in behavior
What is learning?
The psychologist that discovered classical conditioning (he is famous for the experiment with the dogs).
Who is Ivan Pavlov?
The psychologist that coined operant conditioning and the operant chamber.
Who is B.F. Skinner?
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses (Ex. getting a free coffee after every 9th coffee bought)
What is fixed-ratio schedule (FR)
something is “taken away” from the mix that makes the behavior less likely to continue or reoccur (i.e., something pleasant is removed from the subject to discourage their behavior).
What is Negative Punishment?
A _____________________ (2 words) gains its reinforcing power through links with a primary reinforcer. (wants like money, gold star, extra credit, etc.)
What is a conditioned or (secondary) reinforcer?
a mental representation of a maze/place
What is a cognitive map?
involves step by step reinforced behaviors that lead to a desired set of actions or behaviors (aka successive approximation)
What is shaping?
the response that is produces by the conditioned stimulus (ex. salivation)
What is an conditioned response?
Operant conditioning is learned through these consequences of behavior.
What are rewards & punishments?
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses (ex. slot machine)
What is a variable-ratio schedule (VR)?
something is added to the mix that makes the behavior more likely to continue or reoccur (i.e., a pleasant consequence is introduced to the subject to encourage their behavior).
What is Positive reinforcement?
A ________________ is innately reinforcing (e.g., giving food when hungry or water when thirsty)
What is a primary reinforcer?
In observational learning, he came up with the bobo doll experiment in 1961 on modeling aggression in children, where children observe and imitate behavior
Who is Albert Bandura?
conducted the Little Albert Experiment and what type of conditioning was this
The type of stimulus that doesn't create a response first (ex. tone before conditioning)
What is a neutral stimulus?
strengthens a response and makes it more likely to occur
What is reinforcement?
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed (ex. getting paid every Friday)
What is fixed-interval schedule (FI)?
Adding chores and responsibilities when he fails to follow the rules.
What is positive punishment?
the removal of a rewarding consequence that follow a behavior thus decreasing the probability the behavior will be repeated (when behavior stops)
What is extinction?
type of learning which is not apparent in the learner’s behavior at the time of learning, but which manifests later when a suitable motivation and circumstances appear. (learning about saying no to drugs in 5th grade)
What is latent learning?
Name the 2 types of associative learning
What is classical and operant conditioning
Another word for an automatic response before conditioning (ex. unlearned reaction/salivation)
What is an unconditioned response?
weakens response and makes response less likely to occur
What is punishment?
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.
What is a variable-interval schedule (VI)?
treating a child to an ice cream cone when he stays quiet and obedient during a shopping trip
What is Positive reinforcement?
tendency for a behavior to occur when a specific stimulus or context but not in presence of another (ex. being only scared of certain types of spiders)
What is discrimination?
2 parts
Excess rewards can destroy _____________ motivation, the desire to perform a behavior for its own sake.
This is in contrast to ___________ motivation, in which behavior is performed to gain reward or avoid punishment.
What is intrinsic; extrinsic?
in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response.
What is acquisition?
an associative learning process where a previously neutral stimulus can cause a response through the association between two stimuli (the CS and an UCS)
What is classical conditioning
tendency for a behavior being reinforced in the presence of a similar stimulus (ex. being scared of all spiders)
reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
What is partial (intermittent) reinforcement?
Removing the curfew when a teenager has proven she is responsible and practices common sense.
What is negative reinforcement?
After a delay (a few hours more), however, the CS may elicit a_______________________ (2 words) of a (weakened) CR
(when the response appears randomly after extinction)
What is Spontaneous Recovery
These fire in our brain when we perform
certain actions and when we observe others
performing those actions
What are Mirror neurons