Development
Developmental Disorders
Who the Hell Knows
Social Principles
Social Experiments
100
When do synapses begin developing?
Before birth
100
What is a teratogen?
A chemical that negatively affects development
100
Why do those with autism make repetitive movements?
Causes an opioids release (which releases dopamine) - this is a reward for the behavior
100
Which leadership style results in the lowest work ethic?
Laissez-faire
100
What happened to the far-sighted vision of airforce ROTC members who were in the flight simulator compared to ROTC members who were tested with a standard vision test?
Far-sighted vision was improved. !!!! BONUS !!!! The first team that raises their hands gets to answer: Why was far-sighted vision likely improved?
200
What is object permanence?
Understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be observed. Examples: train coming out the other side of a screen with a "block" behind it. Hiding or covering an object, and understanding that it still exists.
200
The three chemicals that reward social behavior are?
Opioids, dopamine, oxytocin
200
What do Naltrexone/Naloxone do? Why are they often not prescribed?
Opioid receptor antagonist - thought to perhaps reduce self-harm, hyperactivity. They are sometimes not prescribed because they inhibit feeding.
200
Describe how men and women feel about sexual ads. Are they effective?
Men like the ad, and women are repulsed by or dislike the ad. Men do not remember the product, and women avoid the product in the store. No, sexual ads are not effective.
200
What did Moriarty's beach experiment find?
Merely asking someone to watch your radio was enough to persuade them into action when a thief came. Lesson: say hi to your neighbors, you definitely want them looking out for you! The smallest of connections can lead to great benefits.
300
How does dyslexia relate to the right hemisphere?
Dyslexia occurs when someone uses the right side of their brain, which processes spatial/mathematical concepts, as opposed to the left side of their brain, which contains the language centers.
300
Why have classical neuroleptics been used to treat autism?
Classical neuroleptics are dopamine antagonists. Children with autism have been found to possess increased levels of opioids. Opioids cause the release of dopamine. Therefore, classical neuroleptics can decrease this excess dopamine. !!!!! BONUS !!!!! First person to raise their hand and answer gets 300 bonus points: why is the use of classical neuroleptics limited?
300
Why is facial scanning important? What disorder may result in impaired facial scanning?
It allows us to discern difficult syllables, increasing comprehension. Those with autism may not focus on the face, and may look elsewhere during conversation. Therefore, comprehension may be decreased.
300
What is thought-stopping? Give the main example given in class.
Thought-stopping refers to an action or words (often repeated) that result in critical thought being shut off. For example, members of religious cults were taught to tell themselves that any doubts they had about the cult were satan coming in, and to repeatedly chant and pray until all satanic thoughts were abolished.
300
What did Milgram find?
When proper authority is established, nearly all people will do actions that they otherwise may have not done. Specifically, Milgram's experiment found that 2/3 of participants would deliver the highest level of shock to a learner at the prompting of an experimenter.
400
Describe the vision and importance of sound to babies.
Babies are born legally blind - they cannot see color, and shapes are blurry. Babies will be born knowing their mother's voice and favorite song (and dad's voice if he's around).
400
What three things can maternal alcohol abuse do to the baby?
Causes a large loss of neurons, potentially leading to mental retardation. Impairs liver function. Causes facial abnormalities.
400
what are the three main leadership styles?
Autocratic, Laissez-Fair & Democratic In autocratic leadership (also known as authoritarian leadership), the leaders make most or all of the decisions, without the involvement or input of the employees. Democratic leadership (also known as participative leadership) gives some decision-making powers to the group (i.e. the other members of the team), but in the end the final say still rests with the leaders - staff members just have an opportunity to provide their opinions and recommendations going forward. Laissez-faire leadership (also known as delegative leadership) is a rather relaxed leadership style, giving complete decision-making control to the staff. It is up to them to manage their workload, while the leaders neither get in the way nor closely oversee what they are doing.
400
Give an example that illustrates the fundamental attribution error.
Answers may vary. Note: attribution refers to assigning causes to behavior, and the fundamental attribution error is committed when one assigns causes based on individuals, as opposed to causes based on behavior
400
Highlight the power of conformity by explaining the experiment conducted by Solomon Asch. Why is this so (think physiologically)?
Solomon Asch rigged a visual experiment by placing multiple "participants" who were in on the experiment into a testing room. All "participants" answered with the obviously incorrect answer. The actual subject was then asked for his answer. He provided a conformist response a majority of the time. This behavior is driven by social chemical releases, which act as rewards. Not conforming leads to feelings of isolation.
500
Name the stages of language develop, and related implications.
First - crying Second - coo-ing/gurgling Third - babbling (baby practices intonation and grouping words; basics of grammar; can make sounds from every language) Fourth - stringing words together into sentences (lose the ability to make sounds from every language, far more difficult to learn new languages)
500
Describe the causes, symptoms, and treatment of ADHD. How long does treatment last?
ADHD can be caused by genetics, or maternal smoking/cocaine use. This causes the baby to experience anoxia. There are less synapses and dopamine in the frontal lobe. Therefore, children with ADHD benefit from increased dopamine. This can be administered with amphetamines (ritalin, adderall), which increase the release of and block the uptake of dopamine. "Vacations" should be used as the child approaches their teens to assess when the drug is no longer needed. Excess dopamine can actually produce symptoms similar to ADHD.
500
What is a cognitive bias?
A cognitive bias is a mistake in reasoning, evaluating, remembering, or other cognitive process, often occurring as a result of holding onto one's preferences and beliefs regardless of contrary information. Psychologists study cognitive biases as they relate to memory, reasoning, and decision-making.
500
Describe the prison experiment in detail. Include participants, how they established authority, duration, conditions, results, and long-term effects.
Sorry guys, too long to type this all out. We'll talk it through
500
Describe the Pygmalion effect, and how it was discovered. You MUST include the four main principles.
Higher expectations lead to an increase in performance. Rosenthal discovered this effect in an elementary school. Students were supposedly administered a test that would assess their ability to "academically bloom" throughout the year. The students did not actually take this exam, but the teachers thought that they did. "Results" in the form of a list of children thought most likely to bloom were released, which were actually just names randomly drawn out of a hat. Student performance and teacher behavior were assessed. It was found that students actually became smarter when their teachers expected them to! 4 thinks the teacher did differently - 1) Climate (warmer) 2) Input (increased) 3) Response opportunity (let student talk longer, helped shape answer with student) 4) Feedback (positive reinforcement, differentiated feedback when wrong answer provided)
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