Historical Context
A medical provider who proscribes psychiatric medication.
What is a psychiatrist?
The presence of more than one condition within the same period of time
What is comorbidity?
The identification or recognition of a disorder on the basis of its characteristic symptoms
What is the definition of a diagnosis?
Learning through association that involves conditioned and unconditioned stimuli and responses
What is classical conditioning?
A collection of beliefs or practices mistakenly regarded as being based on scientific method.
What is pseudoscience?
This model encourages clinical psychologists to be fully trained as both scientists and clinicians.
What is the scientist-practitioner model?
The term referring to the list of symptoms needed to qualify for a disorder.
The extent to which a test leads to consistent, repeatable results.
What is reliability?
Learning through consequences such as rewards and punishments
What is operant conditioning?
[A] is controlled and carefully manipulated by the experimenter, while [B] is hypothesized to vary according to manipulations in [A].
What is the difference between the independent variable [A] and the dependent variable [B]?
Thought to cut connections in the frontal lobe of the brain, thereby calming severe mental illness, this outpatient procedure was popular in the mid 20th century.
What is a lobotomy?
The diagnostic criteria which refers to how long the symptoms have to be present in order to qualify for the mental health disorder.
What is duration criteria?
The extent to which the measure is measuring what is it supposed to measure.
What is validity?
A theory which posits that abnormal behavior is caused by unconscious mental conflicts stemming from early childhood experiences.
What is psychoanalytic theory?
The manipulation of data analysis to enable a favored result to be presented as statistically significant.
What is "p-hacking"?
Individuals with mental health disorders were viewed as dangerous, possessed, or morally weak rather than as people with medical conditions.
How were individuals with mental health disorders typically viewed in the past?
The term that refers to the list of conditions under which a diagnosis cannot be applied.
What are exclusion criteria?
[A] has no predetermined questions or sequence, while [B] is a standard set of questions asked in a predetermined order, with set wording.
What is the difference between an unstructured interview[A] and a structured interview[B]?
A research method which is used to provide evidence on genetic versus environmental contributions.
What are twin studies?
To prevent biased, misleading, or harmful claims and instead maintain accurate and credible research
What is the purpose of the peer review process?
We can learn that mental disorders cannot be defined in a cultural vacuum or in a completely objective fashion. We can also learn the importance of scientific research.
What can we learn from the history of psychopathology?
Some people minimize their own distress, while others may overemphasize it.
What is one disadvantage of defining psychopathology in terms of subjective distress?
[A] uses standard questions where the examinee responds using fixed options, while [B] is a series of ambiguous stimuli that people are asked to interpret
What is the difference between objective tests[A] and projective tests[B]?
In [A], countertransference was seen as a bad thing, a failure to maintain neutrality. In [B], countertransference is viewed as inevitable and can even be useful in understanding the client.
What is one major shift from the historical psychodynamic thinking model [A] to the modern model[B]?
People tend to have lay theories about psychological
phenomena
Why may psychology particularly be vulnerable to pseudoscience?