Mystery Box!
What is the restoration approach of cognitive rehabilitation?
Seeks to reinstate the particular component processes that have been lost after brain damage
What types of deficits do we look at in cognitive neuropsychology?
Acquired: The result of a brain injury
Developmental: Failure to develop normally
What is a case study?
Intensive scientific study of a single individual with a cognitive deficit
What brain injury did Case LM have that caused akinetopsia?
CVA-induced bilateral lesions of occipital cortex
What was the case study of patient JBR showing?
Category-specific impairment - Difficulty naming pictures of some types of things, but not others - living versus non-living.
What is akinetopsia?
Inability to perceive movement
Why do we study cognitive deficits?
To understand normal cognition
To understand the deficit itself
To develop evidence-based, targeted, and effective treatments
To understand where cognitive functions are located in the brain
What is a case series?
Multiple individual case studies, presented and discussed together in one paper.
What can LM's pattern of akinetopsia with intact object identification tell us about the visual perceptual system?
That the visual system must have different modules for form perception and movement perception.
Why could Coltheart's Case AC not correctly name the number of legs on animals?
He had lost perceptual knowledge as part of his broader semantic verbal disorder
Case HE had difficulty with spelling. What disorder does this align with?
Dysgraphia
What is a key assumption of cognitive neuropsychology?
Modularity - the orchestrated activity of multiple cognitive processors or modules.
What is Single Dissociation?
Pattern of results in which one cognitive ability shows impairment, while another ability is intact or much less impaired.
What is the single dissociation in Bodamer's Acquired Prosopagnosia Case S study?
What can we conclude from Case AC's retention of conceptual and auditory perceptual information but loss of visual perceptual information?
There may be separate memory stores of conceptual and perceptual information and perceptual information stores may be further separated into auditory and visual
The Cambridge Email indicated that we could read words with jumbled up letters, provided the first and last letters were in the correct place. Patient LHD perseverated on letters at the beginning and ends of words. What would we call these findings combined?
Converging evidence
What are the key properties of cognitive modules?
Informationally encapsulated
Domain specific
Mandatory
What is double dissociation?
Two complementary single dissociations across individals - what is impaired in one is not/less impaired in the other and vice versa.
“I have had difficulty recognizing faces for as long as I can remember …I am particularly thrown if I see people out of context, even if I have been with them five minutes before."
What type of disorder do I have?
Developmental prosopagnosia
What were researchers able to understand from Case HE's particular type of dysgraphia?
The type of error Case HE was making (doubling the wrong letters) showed that their original theory on how spelling is coded in the brain was incorrect as it didn't allow for this error. Researchers amended the theory to show doubling of letters as coded separately to the specific graphemes used in a word.
If slot coding were correct, how would Case LHD perseveration of first or last letters have presented when reading "ACADEMY" if it followed "KEEP" in a word list?
"Kcademy" or "Acapemy"
What are the main aims of cognitive neuropsychology?
Use data from studies of people with cognitive impairments after brain damage to test, extend or develop theories about normal cognitive processing.
AND
Use models of normal cognitive functioning to better understand and explain the patterns of cognitive impairment seen in brain injured patients.
How do cognitive neuropsychology methods differ from cognitive psychology methods?
Focus on single case studies or small groups with known problems vs. large (often random) samples
Data not combined across participants vs. averaged data to see true effect
Measures of accuracy vs measures of speed/RT
What can we learn from double dissociation of Case S with prosopagnosia, but intact non-face object perception and CK with object agnosia, but intact face recognition?
That faces and objects have separate modules or branches of form perception - are represented and processable separately
What did pt LHD's letter perseveration tell us about slot coding?
LHD's perseveration was for letters at the start and end of words and was not consistent with the theory of numbered slot coding, suggesting that the model is inaccurate.