Kinesiology Principles
The plane of motion if the axis is medial-lateral.
What is sagittal plane motion?
Newton's law that is best illustrated by joint reaction forces and ground reaction forces.
What is Newton's Third Law?
The term that means the minimum load needed to induce remodeling of bone.
What is minimum effective strain?
The difference between kinetics and kinematics.
What is movement analysis without consideration of forces (kinematics) versus anlysis of the forces acting on the body (kinetics)?
Two names for the basic unit of bone.
What are Osteon and Haversian System?
The least mobile diarthrodial joint that was discussed in class
What is a planar joint?
The effect on ground reaction force if you train your patient to prolong the time their foot impacts the ground.
What is a reduction in the GRF?
The main inorganic component of bone.
What is hydroxyapatite?
Three characteristics that typically describe an open-packed joint position.
What are:
Lax ligaments. non-congruent joint surfaces, high mobility, and low stability?
The effect a co-contraction of all muscles surrounding a joint has on the JRF at that joint.
What is an increase in the JRF?
The phases of bone fracture healing, in chronological order.
What are:
1. Inflammation
2. Soft Callus
3. Hard Callus
4. Remodeling
The arthrokinematic motions of open-chain ankle (talocrural) dorsiflexion. (name the motions and the articula rsurfaces).
What are anterior roll and posterior glide of the talus on the distal tibia?
Wolff's Law
What is: a bone will remodel in response to the loads placed or not placed upon it? (i.e. osteoblastic activity response to load, osteoclastic response to lack of load)
The three types of ligaments associated with synovial joints (hint: think of how they're associated with the capsule)
What are capsular, extra-capsular, and intra-capsular ligaments?
Definition of an open-kinematic-chain condition.
What is the condition where the distal segment is free to move in space, and joints are independent of one another?
The three basic components of all connective tissue.
What are fibrous proteins, ground substance, and cells?
The effect on the slope of the stress-strain curve if a tissue is loaded rapidly.
What is a steeper slope?
The class of lever in the body where the muscle has a mechanical advantage greater than one.
What is a second class lever?
The definition of woven bone
What is new bone that is not yet completely mineralized?
The convex concave rule
What is: convex-on-concave, roll and glide are opposite each other; concave-on-convex, roll and glide are in the same direction?
Three examples of traction epiphyses in the lower extremity.
What are the lesser and greater trochanters and the tibial tuberosity? (also accept adductor tubercle, Gerdy's tubercle, or any other bony prominence with a tendon attachment.)
The purposes of the external layer of the joint capsule.
What are proprioception, stabilization, and barrier for synovial fluid?
Muscle weakness that would cause a right lateral pelvic tilt.
What is weakness of the left gluteus medius?
Anatomical names for: the shaft of a bone, the flared out portion at each end of a long bone, and the "growth plate."
What are the diaphysis, metaphysis, and epiphysis?
Two reasons a force would not be able to produce torque around an axis of rotation.
What are forces that pierce or parallel the axis of rotation?
The description of a 3rd class lever system.
The internal force is between the fulcrum and the external force.
At least two triggers for osteoclastic actiivty in bone.
What are low serum calcium levels, immobilization, and increased age?
The region of the stress-strain curve where the tissue returns to a new (longer) resting length after load is removed.
What is the plastic region?
Three triggers for increased osteoblastic activity in bone.
What are skeletal microdamage, increased mass demands, and increased loading cycles? (also accept compression or tension on the bone).
The 7 characteristics required for a joint to be classified as diarthrodial.
What are articular cartilage, capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, ligaments, blood vessels, and sensory nerves?
The change in the required hip abductor force and the JRF at the hip in single leg stance if body weight is increased (e.g. if you wear a weight vest).
What is an increase in the abductor force AND the JRF?
The arthrokinematic motions involved with closed-chain knee flexion. (name the motions and the articular surfaces)
What are posterior roll and anterior glide of the femoral condyle on the tibial plateau?
The definition of a force couple.
What is when two or more muscles work in opposite linear directions on opposite sides of the axis to produce the same rotational motion at a joint?
The change in mass moment of inertia when the moment arm of the force is lengthened.
What is an increase in the mass moment of inertia?
The effect of increased body weight on the superior and inferior aspects of the femoral neck.
What is tension on the superior aspect (increased trabeculae) and compression on the inferior aspect (increased dense cortical bone)?
The term used to describe loading a tissue with a constant (unchanging) strain.
What is stress-relaxation?
The effect of aging on the organic and inorganic components of bone
What is decreased collagen production and decreased hydroxyapatite?
The embryologic germ layers responsible for muscle, skin, and organs, respectively.
What are the mesoderm (muscle), ectoderm (skin), and endoderm (organs)?
The effect on torque if the force remains constant but the moment arm of the force is brought further away from the axis of rotation.
What is an increase in the torque?
The way bone responds to rapid loading.
What is with higher stiffness than with slower loading?