The Skeletal & Muscular Systems
What is an avulsion fracture?
The fragment of a bone tears away from the main mass of a bone; usually a result of physical trauma such as a fall or a pull.
Name the blood flow through the heart in the proper order.
Atrium, tricuspid valve, Rt. ventricle, Pulmonary valve, Pulmonary artery, Pulmonary vein, L. atrium, mitral valve, L. ventricle, aortic valve, into body
Tissue that contracts either voluntary or involuntary is called _______. What are the benefits of this?
Contractile tissue
These tissues assist with generating heat, posture, stabilizing joints, and producing movement.
1. Name the 3 Laws of Motion.
2. Explain each Law of Motion.
3. Give an example of each.
1. Equilibrium (Inertia)- object will remain at rest until acted on by an unbalanced force; a sprinter starting at blocks must provide force to overcome moving inertia and to stop before hitting the wall.
2. Mass & Acceleration- the heavier the object, the more force required to accelerate the movement; the harder and faster the weight moves when holding a weight in your hand during flexion and extension.
3. Action & Reaction- for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction; rebounder and ball used in therapy.
What are the rami ranges of the cervical, lumbar, and sacral plexus’?
Cervical - C5-T1
Lumbar - L1-L4
Sacral - L5-S3
Name the 3 muscle fibers, describe these fibers, and what type of athletes would utilize these fibers.
1. Type 1- requires oxygen to work, slowest fibers, Ex: long distance track (?)
2. Type llA- Hybrid between other 2 fibers, Ex: basketball players
3. Type llB- anaerobic (does not require oxygen to work), fast fibers, for lifting heavy objects, these fibers use already stored in body, Ex: football or baseball players
A. At which point does the blood flow through the heart drops CO2 and picks up O2?
B. At which point does the blood flow through the heart drops O2 and picks up CO2?
A. Pulmonary artery
B. Body
You are a PTA treating a patient w/ shoulder pain. The therapist is providing a shoulder joint mobilization technique by pressing the numeral head inferior for pain control. Which of the following best describes the movement and the joint mobilization grade being performed?
Grade 2; the proximal humerus is pressed inferiorly while the distal humerus is pressed superiorly
Define angonist, synergist, antagonist, and stabilizer. Give an example of each using elbow flexion.
Angonist- “Main mover” or “Prime mover” causing the motion, Ex: biceps brachii
Synergist- the assistant of the angonist, “helper”, Ex: brachioradialis
Antagonist- opposing role of angonist, opposite side of body than angonist, Ex: triceps
Stabilizer- “assist” the agonist by steadily contracting to “balance” the movement, Ex: brachioradialis
Name 5 force systems.
Linear, parallel, concurrent, general (atypical), and a force couple.
If you are walking down a hill, the contraction of your quadriceps muscle is either concentric or eccentric. Which is it and why?
Eccentric contraction because this muscle lengthens while producing a joint motion (joints moving further apart). This activity is used to de-accelerate movement caused by gravity.
Describe the cardiac condition of a mitral valve prolapse.
A bicuspid valve failure with retrograde blood flow.
What is the test position, end feel, plane, and normal ROM for MMT of supination of the forearm?
Forearm Supination
Position: sitting
End Feel: firm
Plane: transverse (as forearm supinates from a neutral position)
Norm ROM: 0-80 degrees
Explain the 3 Class Lever Systems and an example of each used in the human body.
1st Class- RAF, axis is centered, MA > 1 or < 1, Ex: Atlanto-occipital joint on the vertebral column
2nd Class- ARF, Resistance is centered, MA is always > 1, most mechanically advantageous, Ex: Single-Leg Stance (hip component) or Gastroc-soles complex (plantar flexion)
3rd Class- AFR, Force and Resistance on the same side of axis, MA is always <1, most mechanically disadvantageous, Ex: Bicep curl
What is a frontanelle and which types of patients is this seen in?
Frontanelle is a “soft spot” on a infant‘s head Before the skull has fully grown together and hardened.
What’s the difference between arthrokinematics and osteokinematics? Which wound shoulder flexion/extension would this classify as?
Arthrokinematics- Joint surface motion such as a roll, spin, & glide; Ex: Femur movement on tibia
Osteokinematics- Joint motion
Shouler flexion/extension classifies as osteokinematics.
Identify the Circle of Willis. **see photo**
A. Anterior Communicating
B. Middle Cerebral
C. Anterior Choroidal
D. Posterior Cerebral
E. Superior Cerebellar
F. Anterior Cerebral
G. Anterior Cerebral
H. Internal Carotid
I. Posterior Communicating
J. Posterior Cerebral
K. Basilar
What are 4 goals a PT/PTA might set for a patient w/ systemic hypermobility?
1. Increase muscle size/strength
2. Increase connective tissue strength and soft tissue
3. Increase bone density
4. Increase proximal stability
Convex vs Concave:
A. Which movement is considered at the elbow?
B. Which movement is considered at the shoulder?
A. Concave moving on convex (Humerus is convex, radius is concave)
B. Convex moving on concave (Humerus is convex, scapula is concave)
What terms are defined below:
1. ______ joints w/ no movement
2. ______ joints w/ slight movement
3. ______ freely movable joints
1. Synarthrosis
2. Amphiarthrosis
3. Diarthrosis
Explain the active and passive insufficiencies that occur at the biceps brachii. List the muscle action for each.
A. Active insufficiency- contraction of biceps brachii, placed in supination, long head of biceps brachii should be flexed, and shoulder should be flexed. The biceps brachii is a strong mover in flexion of the shoulder and the elbow along with a strong supinator muscle.
B. Passive insufficiency- stretching of the biceps brachii, forearm should be pronated, elbow extended and shoulder extended. Passive insufficiency should do the opposing actions of what the actual muscle does.
Identify these portions of the heart: **see photo**
A. Right pulmonary arteries
B. Right pulmonary veins
C. Aorta
D. Right atrium
E. Pulmonary valve
F. Right AV valve
G. Right ventricle
H. Inferior vena cava
I. Aortic arch
J. Pulmonary trunk
K. Left pulmonary arteries
L. Left pulmonary veins
M. Left atrium
N. Left AV node
O. Aortic valve
P. Left ventricle
Q. Superior vena cava
What nerve do each of these pathologies have damage to?
A. Erb’s Palsy
B. Scapular Winging
C. Wrist Drop
D. Klumpke’s (Ape Hand) Palsy
A. Erb’s Palsy - C5-C6 of the brachial plexus
B. Scapular Winging - long thoracic nerve (serratus anterior)
C. Wrist Drop - radial nerve
D. Klumpke’s (Ape Hand) Palsy - C8-T1
Explain the hormone regulation and calcium reabsorption process.
Low calcium levels => parathyroid releases PTH => osteoclasts break down bone to raise calcium levels to normal range.
High calcium levels => thyroid releases calcitonin => osteoblasts deposit calcium into bone to level out normal range.
Explain the force couple of the scapula and the muscles involved.