Part 1
_____ is a congenital disorder occurring when the spinal column does not form properly in utero and the child is born with a gap in the spine.
Types include:
Spina Bifida
Types: spina bifida occulta, meningocele, and myelomeningocele,
Spina bifida occulta. The gap exists in the spine, but the meninges, CFS, or spinal cord does protrude or herniate. “Occulta” refers to a condition that is hidden and most cases are discovered during an x-ray examination for unrelated reasons.
• Meningocele. The meninges and CSF herniate, but not the spinal cord, which remains in its normal position.
• Myelomeningocele. The spinal cord, meninges, and CSF all herniate and is visible on the child’s back. Myelomeningocele is one of the most common birth defects of the CNS and accounts for approximately 75% to 80% of all spina bifida cases. When people use the term spina bifida, they usually mean myelomeningocele. A myelomeningocele is also called meningomyelocele and spina bifida cystica.
The lumbar region of the spine is involved in 80% of cases.
__________ are explosive episodes of uncontrolled and excessive electrical activity in the brain resulting in a sudden change of behavior and level of consciousness.
seizures
Dementia is a group of neurodegenerative diseases that slowly destroys memory, thinking, and communicating skills. Many types of dementia have been identified.
Which is the most common type?
Alzheimer's disease (AD)
________is progressive degeneration and demyelination of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord, causing loss of muscle control, leads to generalized paralysis, and the affected person is eventually immobile. Normal intelligence and sensory functions are sustained
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Lou Gehrig Disease)
is an inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. Often occurs as a secondary infection after an upper respiratory tract, ear, or dental infections.
Meningitis
_____ is a group of permanent movement disorders caused by brain damage during fetal life, birth, or early childhood.
Several types have been identified based on mobility limitations and the body part(s) being affected.
What are the 4 types:
Cerebral palsy
Spastic CP. This causes muscles to spasm, which makes gross-motor and fine-motor movement difficult (70%–80% of cases).
• Athetoid (dyskinetic) CP. This causes uncontrolled movement (normal movements are slow or jerky). Athetoid CP is also called nonspastic CP (10% of cases).
• Ataxic CP. Ataxic CP causes gait disturbances and loss of balance (5% of cases).
• Mixed CP. This is a combination of all three of the prior types (10% of cases).
_______ is a term used to describe recurrent seizures.
epilepsy
The most common cause of dementia is:
older age.
_________is progressive degeneration and demyelination of neurons of the brain, spinal cord, and cranial nerves, especially the optic nerve. Loss of myelin ultimately leads to scarring or sclerosis and plaque formation, which interferes with nerve transmission. Cognitive dysfunction is very common.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
is inflammation of the brain characterized by cerebral edema.
encephalitis
ADHD is a disorder in which the affected person displays behaviors associated with inattentiveness, hyperactivity, impulsivity, or a combination of these.
What does ADHD stand for?
Attention Deficit–Hyperactivity Disorder
ADHD is divided into three subtypes, each with different symptoms. They are predominantly inattentive with the majority of symptoms falling under inattention, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive with the majority of symptoms falling under hyperactivity and impulsivity, and a combination of the two; the latter is the most common subtype
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an acquired head injury from sudden trauma by contact with an object that may or may not penetrate the skull and damages the brain.
What are 3 common types of TBI?
Concussion. This type of TBI causes the brain to accelerate in the direction of the force, then decelerate. Most TBIs are concussions.
• Contusion. This type is more serious than a concussion and involves bruising or bleeding along the brain’s surface or just beneath the surface. The extent of brain damage depends on the size and location of the bleed, and the length of time it lasts.
• Coup-countrecoup. These occur from significant impact, causing the brain to slam toward the front and back of the skull forcefully, which damages both sides of impact. Most coup-countrecoup are from serious car accidents, forceful blows to the head, and acts of violence.
TBIs range from mild, moderate, and severe. TBIs can be broadly classified as closed (do not break the skull) and open or penetrating (breaks the skull and enters the brain). Common types of TBIs include concussions, contusions, coup-contrecoup injuries.
Which neurodegenerative disease is caused by decreased levels of dopamine
Parkinson's Disease (PD)
- causing abnormal movements, such as tremors, rigidity, slowness of movements, and postural instability.
______ is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder causing motor, cognitive, and psychiatric disorders. Most people develop signs and symptoms in their 30s or 40s. But the disease may emerge earlier or later in life.
Huntington Disease
_________ is a collection of symptoms seen in individuals who have previously recovered from polio or who were misdiagnosed at the time but are now considered to have had the infection. Symptoms occur 10 to 40 years after recovery from the original infection.
Postpolio Syndrome
Affected people with this condition fail to establish normal peer relationships and prefer to play alone, they may avoid eye contact and have an aversion to touching and cuddling. They often exhibit: (1) delayed or absent verbal communication, and (2) an inability to initiate or sustain conversation
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Spinal cord injuries are more likely to result in paraplegia than quadriplegia.
True or False
False - Fifty percent of SCIs result in paraplegia and 50% result in quadriplegia.
The classic triad of symptoms in Parkinson's includes resting tremors, rigidity, and a slowness of voluntary movements called ___________
bradykinesia.
The affected person with Huntington disease experiences involuntary, purposeless, and rapid or jerky motions, called _________, of the arms and face. Initially, the movements are mild and range from flexing and extending the fingers, to raising and lowering the shoulders, to tongue smacking, to grimacing.
chorea
pain radiating from an inflamed or compressed spinal nerve root such as from DDD is called _____________
Radicular pain
Autism is more prevalent in girls than boys (4:1)
True or False
False - boys 4:1
Surgery is the initial treatment for most brain tumors
True or false
True
which neurodegenerative disorder is characterized by the presence of two proteins, beta-amyloid and tau, in the brain?
AD
________are often referred to as “little strokes” or “mini strokes”
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
A herniated disc is a protrusion of the center of a disc called the __________ through tears in its outer ring called the __________
A herniated disc is also called a ___________
(nucleus pulposus)
(annulus fibrosus)
ruptured disc