Memory Models
What model of memory describes how memories are formed?
The multi-store model (MSM)
What is one stress hormone that is released when we experiencing fear?
Cortisol
Decrease volume and activity in the hippocampus could explain what symptoms of PTSD?
Inability to remember details (i.e. lack of memory)
Re-uptake
What does PTSD stand for? Bonus 100 = What was its old name?
PTSD = Post-traumatic stress disorder. Old name = shell shock.
What model of memory describes the systems and processes involved in our conscious thought processes?
The working memory model
Extended cortisol release has been shown to damage which part of the brain?
Hippocampus
Which three areas of the brain have been shown to be different in people with PTSD?
- Hippocampus
- Amygdala
- Prefrontal Cortex
SSRI stands for...
selective-serotonin re-uptake inhibitor
What is one thing that all people diagnosed with PTSD must have?
An experience of a traumatic event.
The Central executive controls the episodic buffer and what two slave systems?
Phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad
In Buchanan and Lovallo's (2001) study, what were the two conditions in the experiment?
Condition A = taking 20mg of cortisol
Condition B = taking a placebo
What are the three categories of symptoms for people with PTSD?
- arousal
- avoidance
- re-experiencing
In MacNamara's (2015) study on effectiveness of SSRIs, 12/17 of the patients experienced a decrease in symptoms by what %?
50%
What are the three general categories of symptoms of PTSD?
Increased anxiety and emotional arousal.
Remembering and re-experiencing.
Avoidance and emotional numbing.
According to Peterson and Peterson's study, after how many second would memory of trigrams disappear?
About 18 seconds.
What were the results of Buchanan and Lovallo's (2001) study?
A hyper-responsive amygdala and hypo-responsive PFC could best explain which types of PTSD symptoms?
Increased arousal
Effectiveness of treatment of PTSD is often used by measuring symptoms using a structure interview called CAPS. What does CAPS stand for?
Clinically Administered PTSD Scale
Why is it difficult to know if brain abnormalities found in people with PTSD are a symptom or an etiology?
Because the correlations have been found after the diagnosis - there's no before and after data to compare.
In Robbin's et al's (1996) dual-task study on chess and working memory interference, what were the memory scores for the phonological and visuo-spatial conditions?
Phonological = 4/25
Visuospatial = 16/25
The following is a definition of which key term: "a simple form of associative learning, in which an animal learns to associate the presence of a neutral stimulus, termed the conditioned stimulus (CS), such as a light or a tone, with the presence of a motivationally significant stimulus, termed the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as an electric shock to the foot."
Fear conditioning
What was the correlation found in Urry et al.'s (2006) fMRI study on cognitive reappraisal?
As vmPFC activity increased during cognitive reappraisal, activity in the amygdala was reduced.
In Felmingham et al's (2007) study on exposure therapy and PTSD symptoms, what was one correlation that was found?
A) Negative correlation between vmPFC activity and CAPs scores
B) Positive correlation between CAPS scores and amygdala activity
What is the term used to describe how neurotransmitters are inhibited?
What is the term used to describe how the effect of a neurotransmitter is increased?
Antagonist
Agonist