miscellaneous
Papers
Basic Epi Methods
Interpretation
miscellaneous
100

Bias is a result of...

  Systematic Error

100
  • In Table 1 the authors reported a that men with muscle dysmorphia had an average of 13.1% body fat while men without muscle dysmorphia had an average of 14.1% body fat, but this difference was not statistically significant (p= 0.50).  Which of the following changes in study design could have resulted in the 1% difference in body fat difference being statistically significant?
  • Increase the number of study participants
100

A researcher compares the antibody levels in individuals who received the Pfizer COVID vaccine (n = 20) with those who received the Moderna vaccine (n = 25). Please choose the most appropriate analytical test.


  • T-test
100
  • A cross-sectional study on the association between COVID-19 symptoms and the risk factor of smoking reported an odds ratio of 1.5 with a 95% confidence interval of 1.42 to 1.58.  What is the correct interpretation of these results?
  • Those with COVID-19 symptoms were 50% more likely to smoke compared to those without COVID-19 symptoms and this difference was statistically significant.
100

What are the weaknesses of a case-control study?

 recall bias

 volunteer bias

 no temporal association

200

What rate can a cross-sectional study measure?

prevalence

200

What factors would you consider when evaluating the external validity of the muscle dismorphia study?

-sample size

-sample demographic variables 

-volunteer bias 

-generalizability 

-comparability with other studies of the same subject 

200
  • A researcher compares the antibody levels in individuals who received the Pfizer COVID vaccine (n = 30) with those who received the Moderna vaccine (n = 30) and with those who have received no vaccine at all (n = 60). Please choose the most appropriate analytical test.

ANOVA

200
  • Which of the following statements about the 95% Confidence Intervals is correct? (“spans” = goes from less than to greater than)
  • If the confidence interval spans 1 the association is NOT statistically significant.
200
  • In the hierarchy of evidence represented by the scientific method. Which study design has the highest level of evidence? (think of the pyramid infographic)

meta analyses

300

Which interpretation of RR and OR is correct?

RR or OR = 1: exposure has no association with disease

RR or OR > 1: exposure may be negatively associated with disease

RR or OR < 1: exposure may be positively associated with disease

RR or OR = 1: exposure has no association with disease

300

Native American Women study: Partner Education (use < high school as the exposure and > high school as being unexposed). Given the cross-sectional design of the study, what is the correct measure of association for this exposure and outcome?

odds ratio

300
  • Researchers compared the average antibody levels of those diagnosed as (+) to COVID 19 in Illinois (1.1 M) with those in New York (1.5 M). Please choose the most appropriate analytical test.
  • Z-test
300

  A clinical trial to assess the effectiveness of the HPV (human papilloma virus) vaccine for preventing cervical cancer in women found a Relative Risk of 0.10 with a 95% Confidence Interval of 0.05 to 0.15. Which of the following statements is the correct interpretation of the study findings?

Women who were vaccinated against HPV have a 90% decrease in risk of developing cervical cancer compared to those who were not vaccinated, and this difference is statistically significant.

300

Which source of error can produce a false result in scientific studies and can be controlled by increasing the sample size?

chance

400

What does internal validity NOT refer to?

a. the reliability or accuracy of the study results

b. reflects the author's and reviewer's confidence that study design, implementation, and data analysis have minimized or eliminated bias and that the findings are representative of the true association between exposure and outcome.

c. the degree to which findings are able to be generalized to other groups or populations

c. the degree to which findings are able to be generalized to other groups or populations

400

In the socioeconomic disparities in IPV against NA women study, what fallacy was found in the authors’ reasoning regarding hypotheses, study design, or study conclusions?

post hoc ergo propter hoc

400
  • In a study of the antibody response (n = 28) to a new vaccine for a novel (new) virus, which tail distribution should the researchers employ?
  • A one tailed distribution
400

Women who were vaccinated against HPV have a 90% increase in risk of developing cervical cancer compared to those who were not vaccinated, and this difference is statistically significant. (p=.034). The association is...

statistically significant at α=.05 but not at α=.01.

400

Which source of error can produce a false result in scientific studies can be controlled with study design and during data analysis?

confounding

500

Why do case-control studies use matching?

to control for confounding. (extra points): what type of factors do you NOT want to match on?

500

In the differences in gut microbiota composition study, name the fallacies that you found in the authors’ reasoning regarding hypotheses, study design, or study conclusions.

  • Begging the Question
  • Hasty Generalization
  • Post hoc ergo propter hoc
500

 Logistic regression models are used for what type of dependent variables?

Dichotomous variables

500

 A researcher used a cross-sectional dataset to assess the association between the outcome of hypertension (yes, no) and the predictor of daily exercise (yes, no). They reported an adjusted OR of 0.75 with a 95% confidence interval of (0.7-0.8). What is the correct interpretation of these results?

Those with hypertension have 25% lesser odds or 0.75 times the odds of exercising daily compared to those that do not have hypertension and this difference is statistically significant.

500

what may occur if your case definition is too specific?

many false negatives may occur

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