Epidemiologists
Father of Field Epidemiology; conducted an investigation on cholera.
Who is John Snow?
A study finds that hamburgers are linked to the development of cancer. Later review finds that individuals who order hamburger meals are more likely to smoke.
What is confounding error?
Has four stages. Stage of susceptibility, stage of subclinical disease, stage of clinical disease, stage of recovery, disability, or death.
What is the Natural History Of Disease?
The researcher directly influences a variable in this study. Yields reliable results and is the gold standard.
What is an experimental study?
Measure of association for Case-Control study. Formula = AD/BC
After observing the reduced incidence of smallpox in farmhands, he created the first vaccine based on cowpox.
Who is Edward Jenner?
A person with Listeria is questioned on their food history after hearing that cheesecake is linked to the development of Listeria. They say that they ate cheesecake.
What is recall bias?
A histogram depicting cases over a time span.
What is an epicurve?
Observer records exposures, follows study subjects over a period of time, and compares the incidence of outcomes in both groups at end of study period.
What is a cohort study?
A proportion with an added time dimension.
What is a rate?
He created the polio vaccine
Who is Jonas Salk?
Selection of individuals that differs from the population. Flawed randomization
Ebola, swine flu, avian flu etc.
What is a zoonotic disease?
A researcher measures several characteristics of a population simultaneously.
What is a Cross-Sectional study?
The amount of new cases with respect to the population.
What is an incidence?
Discovered the cause being puerperal fever. His observations led to the normalization of sanitary practices in hospitals.
Who is Ignaz Semmelweis?
Interviewer's questions or personality affects the subject's response.
Interviewer Bias
The average amount of cases generated by one case of the disease.
What is R0?
Population-based, measures groups instead of individuals. Used when studying rare diseases.
What is an ecological study?
The proportion of cases that die.
What is case-fatality?
He was the first demographer and pioneered the use of statistics in public health.
Who is John Graunt?
A person's response is affected by their desire to appear socially acceptable
What is social desirability bias?
The prospective cohort study that linked smoking to the development of lung cancer.
What is the Framingham Study?
John Snow's infamous Broad Street investigation included a ___________.
What is a case-control study?
The rate of cases among contacts of primary cases.
What is a secondary-attack rate?