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It is the stage of generating options about what to do about a public problem.
What is policy formulation?
The deliberate conclusion or cessation of specific government functions, programs, or policies or even organizations.
What is policy termination?
It is a way to justify policy action by giving it legal force/authorizing it.
What is policy adoption?
To carry out, accomplish, fulfill, produce, and complete.
What is Pressman and Wildavsky's definition of implementation?
This is the sixth stage of the policy process, which comes after implementation.
What is policy or program evaluation?
They are written pronouncements issued by the president when signing a bill into law.
What are signing statements?
In this type of policy, cost is placed on one group for another group to benefit (e.g., welfare policy)
What is redistributive policy?
In this type of policy tool, there is a transfer of funds to invest in material, intellectual, or human resources.
What is the capacity-building category of policy tools?
They include mandates, inducements, capacity-building, and system change.
What are the 4 categories of policy tools introduced by Richard Elmore?
In this type of policy, cost is placed on one group for the majority to benefit (e.g., airline regulations).
What is regulatory policy?
The 4 types include input, process, output, and outcome.
What are 4 types of performance measurements?
This type of implementation game refers to politicians spending taxpayer money on their constituents primarily to generate political support.
What is pork barreling?
It is also referred to as scenario writing.
What is forward mapping?
This is the implementation game that involves using up the annual fiscal budget.
What is Eugene Bardach's budget game?
They are the the three levels of policy learning that occur.
What is micro, meso, and macro policy learning?
This type of mapping excersie is done for policies that have already formulated (and perhaps even adopted).
What is forward mapping?
This type of performance measurement looks at the amount of money, time, technology, staff, and everything else that went into the policy/program.
What is input measurement?
The analogy of too many cooks in the kitchen may be used to explain this type of implementation problem.
What is complexity of joint action?
Crises, disasters, and catastrophes are the three types discussed by Thomas Birkland in Lessons of Disaster.
What are three types of focusing events?
They include easy money, easy life, budget game, and pork barreling.
What are the 4 types of implementation games identified by Eugene Bardach?
Thomas Birkland explains it as the substantive area of policy over which participants in policy making compete and compromise, such as environmental or health policy.
What is a policy domain?
They include appraisal, dialogue, formulation assessment, and consolidation.
What are the 4 phases of policy formulation according to Harold Thomas?
This type of evaluation involves assessing the outcome at the conclusion of the program.
What is summative evaluation?
The target population that has power and a positive socially constructed image.
What is the advantaged category of target populations?
The target population that has power and a negative socially constructed image.
What is the contender category of target populations?