The Policy Process & Structure
What is the first stage of the public policy process?
Problem Identification
What is the purpose of causal stories in public policy?
To frame problems, assign blame, and justify solutions
What are the three branches of the U.S. government?
Legislative, Executive, Judicial
What does rational choice theory assume about human behavior?
People act to maximize their self-interest
What is the purpose of a policy memo?
To provide concise, fact-based analysis with actionable recommendations
What is the main function of the policy evaluation stage?
To determine whether a policy is effective, needs revision, or should be terminated
What is an "inadvertent cause" in Deborah Stone’s causal typology?
A well-intentioned policy that produces unintended consequence
What role does Congressional oversight play in policy implementation?
It ensures executive agencies follow laws as intended
What is bounded rationality, and how does it challenge rational choice theory?
People lack perfect information and make decisions based on limited knowledge
Name three essential components of a strong policy memo.
lear structure, evidence-based arguments, audience-tailoring
What major historical policy shift expanded federal involvement in welfare programs?
The Great Society Programs of the 1960s
How do policymakers manipulate science to shape causal stories?
By creating doubt, emphasizing uncertainty, or selecting data to support their preferred narrative (e.g., climate change debates)
Why has executive power expanded in recent decades?
Due to national security threats, economic crises, and legislative gridlock
What is a collective action problem, and how does it affect policymaking?
When individuals act in self-interest, leading to negative outcomes for the group (e.g., climate change)
Why is audience-centered writing important in policy documents?
Policymakers lack time; the document must be concise and tailored to their needs
What are the two primary types of government agendas?
Systemic agenda (issues discussed in public discourse) & institutional agenda (issues actively considered by government)
How can framing shift public opinion on a policy issue?
By presenting the issue differently (e.g., immigration as an economic benefit vs. a security threat)
What is the purpose of bureaucratic agencies in the policy process?
They handle implementation, regulation, and enforcement
What economic tool is used to encourage rational decision-making?
Incentives (e.g., tax credits for renewable energy)
What are some challenges in writing policy documents?
Balancing detail with clarity, avoiding bias, and engaging decision-makers
What is an example of a policy that changed through punctuated equilibrium rather than incrementalism?
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 or the USA PATRIOT Act
How do policymakers use symbolic language to shape public opinion on policy issues?
They use metaphors, narratives, and emotionally charged language to frame issues in a way that aligns with their agenda.
What is a filibuster, and how does it affect policy decisions?
A filibuster is a prolonged speech in the Senate that delays or prevents a vote on a bill, often requiring 60 votes to end debate.
What is the free-rider problem, and why is it a challenge in public policy?
The free-rider problem occurs when individuals benefit from a public good without contributing to its cost, leading to underprovision of essential services.
It is a challenge in policies like climate change and taxation, where collective action is needed but participation is not always enforced.
What is the purpose of an executive summary in a policy memo?
To provide a concise overview of the issue, key findings, and recommended actions so decision-makers can quickly understand the policy proposal.