chapter 11 Vocab
the presentation of a short message without advance preparation
Impromptu Speaking
a statement or claim that cannot be argued
Irrefutable
a persuasive technique in which a speaker brings up a counter-argument to their own topic and then directly refutes the claim
Two-tailed arguments
drawing conclusions about an object or phenomenon based on its similarities to something else
Analogical reasoning
a speech designed to address and engage the context and audience’s emotions on a specific occasion
Special Occasion Speech
he word-for-word iteration of a written message
Manuscript speaking
a personal view, attitude, or belief about something
Opinion
a psychological phenomenon where people confronted with conflicting information or viewpoints reach a state of dissonance (generally the disagreement between conflicting thoughts and/or actions), which can be very uncomfortable, and results in actions to get rid of the dissonance and maintain consonance
Cognitive dissonance
an analogy where the two things under comparison are not essentially the same
Figurative analogy
a mini-speech given by the host of a ceremony that introduces another speaker and his or her speech
Speech of introduction
the presentation of a carefully planned and rehearsed speech, spoken in a conversational manner using brief notes
Extemporaneous speaking
a speech based entirely and exclusively on facts and whose main purpose is to inform rather than persuade, amuse, or inspire
Informative speech
the decision to expose ourselves to messages that we already agree with, rather than those that confront or challenge us
Selective exposure
an analogy where the two things under comparison have sufficient or significant similarities to be compared fairly
Literal analogy
a brief speech given to accompany a prize or honor
Speech of presentation
the subtle but meaningful variations in speech delivery, which can include the use of pitch, tone, volume, and pace
Vocal cues
The central idea statement in a persuasive speech; a statement made advancing a judgment or opinion
Proposition
an imagined conversation the speaker has with a given audience in which the speaker tries to anticipate what questions, concerns, or issues the audience may have to the subject under discussion
Mental dialogue
a form of inductive reasoning in which conclusions are drawn about phenomena based on events that precede or co-exist with (but not cause) a subsequent event
Sign reasoning
a speech delivered to mark the unveiling, opening, or acknowledging of some landmark or structure
Speech of dedication
a small raised surface, usually with a slanted top, where a speaker can place notes during a speech
Lectern
the members of an audience the speaker most wants to persuade and who are likely to be receptive to persuasive messages
Target audience
A symbolic process in which communicators try to convince other people to change their attitudes or behavior regarding an issue through the transmission of a message, in an atmosphere of free choice
Persuasion
a three-sentence argument composed of a major premise (a generalization or principle that is accepted as true), a minor premise (and example of the major premise), and a conclusion
Syllogism
a speech designed to incorporate religious ideals into a motivational package to inspire an audience into thinking about or changing aspects of their religious lives
Religious speech