Thoracic Anatomy
Structures in the costal groove
Vein, artery, and nerve
Ease with which the lungs can be stretched
Lung Compliance
Volume not measured by spirometry
Residual Volume
Gas moves from ___ to ___ pressure
high to low
Accessory muscle use indicates
respiratory distress
This air/space does not participate in gas exchange, measured at approx 150mL
Anatomical dead space
During inspiration, lung pressure does what?
Decreases
Normal FEV1/FVC ratio
70-80%
What drives gas movement
Partial pressure gradients
COPD V/Q pattern
Low V/Q
This mediastinal compartment contains mostly fat and lymph nodes.
Anterior mediastinum
Law that pressure and volume are inversely related
Boyle's Law
↓FEV1 and ↓ratio =
Obstructive Disease
Most oxygen is carried how
bound to hemoglobin
When exercising, the excess release of this substance will cause change in hemoglobin shape, thus facilitating the release of more oxygen delivery to tissues.
CO2
Landmark at T4-T5 where trachea bifurcates
Sternal angle
Intrepleural pressure is normally
Negative
Most accurate lung volume test
Body plethysmography
What causes a right shift in hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve?
↑ temp, ↑ CO₂, ↓ pH
Normal airflow but low DLCO
Emphysema
What type of cells secrete surfactant
Type II alveolar cells (Type 2 pneumocytes)
Palv – Pip equals
Transpulmonary pressure
DLCO is low in
Emphysema or fibrosis
This chemoreceptor responds to changes in pH indirectly responding to CO2. It is not responsive to O2 changes.
Central chemoreceptors
This condition has decreased surfactant, leading to stiff lungs.
ARDS