Anatomy
This is the region of the respiratory tract that serves as the principal physiologic heat and moisture exchanger
What is the upper respiratory tract (especially the nose)
What is functional residual capacity
Function of the diaphragm is provided by these three nerve roots
What is C3, C4, C5
This is the main cause of shunt under general anesthesia
What is atelectasis
This is the diffusing capacity of oxygen at rest
What is ~21 mL/min/mmHg (11mmHg is normal difference across respiratory membrane) or
21 x 11= ~230 mL/min
These are the three unpaired cartilages of the larynx
What are the epiglottis, cricoid, and thyroid
This is the cause of exhalation during the normal respiratory cycle
What is passive recoil
This law describes that the rate of diffusion of a gas across a membrane depends upon factors such as membrane area, solubility of the gas, and concentration gradient
This is how the majority of carbon dioxide is carried in the body
What is as bicarbonate
This is the amount of dissolved CO2 if the PaCO2 is 52
What is 3.48
These are the respiratory cells that secrete mucus
What are goblet cells
These are the type of cells that secrete surfactant
What are type II alveolar epithelial cells
What is zone 1
What is the Hering Breuer Inflation Reflex
This is the expected PAO2- PaO2 gradient for a mechanically ventilated patient on 50% FiO2
What is ~50
This site in the trachea produces the strongest cough reflex when stimulated
What is the carina
These are the four lung volumes that make up total lung capacity
What are inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume
This is the V/Q ratio in an area of the lungs that receives ventilation but no perfusion
What is infinity
This explains the effect that carbon dioxide has on hemoglobins ability to transport oxygen as occurs at the tissue level
What is the Bohr effect
This is the maximal achievable PaO2 a young healthy spontaneously breathing person can achieve when breathing room air
What is ~105
This is the nerve and muscle primarily responsible for laryngospasm
What is the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve and cricothyroid muscles
This is the point during a normal respiratory cycle that the intrapleural pressure is positive
What is never
This respiratory center is considered the "pacemaker" of breathing
What is the dorsal respiratory group
This is the primary stimulus for hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
What is alveolar hypoxia or low alveolar oxygen tension (low PAO2)
What is 3.5 L/min