Punishing Places
This author published the early major empirical work in American sociology to provide an account of Black life in a large urban city from the perspective of Black people
Who is W. E. B. Du Bois
This theory attributes crime and disorder to impaired local controls at the neighborhood level, leading to an inability to self-regulate
What is social disorganization theory?
This term describes the movement of individuals into and out of communities through criminal justice involvement, particularly impacting disadvantaged communities of color through heightened levels of prison cycling
What is prison cycling?
This theoretical approach to analyzing the criminal legal system emphasizes how policing and punishment are unevenly distributed across geographic space and organizes its contributions by focusing on crime, urban ecology, or social control.
What are spatial-contextual analyses?
This term, central to neighborhood effects literature, represents the extent of mutual assistance and socializing among neighbors and is associated with various neighborhood outcomes like crime and informal social control
What is neighboring?
This term, defined by David Garland, describes a mode of governance characterized by historically unprecedented high rates of imprisonment and the demographic concentration of incarceration
What is mass imprisonment?
The authors argue that an overreliance on this form of public social control, aimed at individual behavior, may inadvertently weaken family and community structures
What is incarceration?
According to social disorganization theory, this potential pathway suggests that prison cycling reduces local resources, increases residential instability, and weakens informal control, contributing to higher rates of crime
What is undermining prosocial behavior?
Mapping projects like "Million Dollar Blocks" in New York City and "Million Dollar Hoods" in Los Angeles County shift the focus of spatial analysis in the criminal justice system away from crime hot spots and towards describing a landscape of this.
What is population loss and state social control?
The 2018 Hipp, Williams, and Boessen study examined disagreement in assessments of these two key components of collective efficacy
What are cohesion and informal social control?
This metric, calculated as a simple ratio between the percentage of persons in a particular racial group at a particular event (e.g., prison admission) compared to the percentage of the same racial or ethnic group in the overall population, can indicate underrepresentation, proportional representation, or overrepresentation
What is disproportionality?
According to Bursik and Grasmick, these are the three levels of social control by which communities carry out self-regulation
What are private, parochial, and public controls?
This major city in Massachusetts served as the location for the study investigating the relationship between prison cycling and neighborhood violent crime
What is Boston?
The article highlights that while crime rates are a strong predictor of police enforcement intensity, the majority of research also finds a significant association between police intensity and an area's these demographics, even after controlling for crime.
What are racial and ethnic?
According to the 2018 Hipp, Williams, and Boessen study, a general measure of this concept, based on dimensions like socioeconomic status and race/ethnicity, can help understand the variability in residents' reports of neighboring and collective efficacy
What is social distance?
This concept, measured in cumulative years individuals are sentenced to prison, captures the collective and cumulative experience of removal and separation from communities due to incarceration
What is community loss?
This term refers to the social skills and resources needed to effect positive change in neighborhood life and is considered the essence of social control
What is social capital?
This specific 1980s drug law created significantly more severe penalties for crack cocaine possession, which was often associated with African American neighborhoods, compared to cocaine possession
What is the 100-to-1 drug law?
This perspective suggests that the spatial pattern of crime influences policing and punishment within urban areas, viewing high rates of policing and punishment as part of a larger, multifaceted ecology in which many social problems cluster together, particularly in neighborhoods of concentrated disadvantage.
What is the urban ecological perspective?
The 2024 Williams paper suggests that increased stability among this housing group could potentially lead to reductions in violent and property crime, particularly when instability stems from displacement in poorer neighborhoods
Who are renters?
This multifaceted concept, drawing on hazards research, identifies the characteristics and experiences of communities that enable them to respond to and recover from intense formal social control, viewing punishment as a hazard.... It considers factors like poverty, poor health, race/ethnicity, and political power in determining a community's potential or risk for loss due to criminalization and punishment
What is punishment vulnerability?
The authors propose this type of model to explain the reciprocal relationship between public social control and factors like human and social capital, as well as socioeconomic status, residential stability, and racial/ethnic heterogeneity
What is a nonrecursive model?
This criminological theory posits that criminal justice interventions can lead to stigmatization, which in turn increases the likelihood of future criminal justice involvement, potentially explaining the direct relationship between prison cycling and crime
What is labeling theory?
Research has shown that in contrast to metropolitan areas, this type of geographic area often sees the death penalty sought more commonly, potentially due to conservative political strongholds influencing prosecutorial decisions.
What are rural and suburban counties?
The 2024 Williams paper incorporates insights from this broader perspective, which considers concepts like use-value and exchange-value, to understand the structural determinants of neighborhood instability and its implications for crime
What is political economy?