Sample
What sampling method was used in Pozzulo?
Unknown, but adults volunteered to be in the Participant Pool.
What are the research methods used for this study?
-Lab experiment
-Other: Self Reports (with questionnaires and interviews)
How many videos did each participant watch?
4 videos
There was __________ difference between children and adults when correctly identifying a cartoon face.
There was no significant difference between children and adults when correctly identifying a cartoon face.
What cartoons were included in the study?
Dora the Explorer and Go Diego Go!
Where was Group 2 (adults) recruited from?
The Introductory Psychology Participant Pool at Eastern Ontario University.
Name the psychology being investigated (there are 2)
-False Positive Responses
-Eyewitness Testimony
Describe how the answers for the study were recorded for both the children and adults
Children: pointed to the target on the screen, researcher recorded
Adults: wrote down lineup choice on a matching sheet
Give two exact results regarding the rejection rates in the study by Pozzulo et al.
Any two are valid:
Adults had a 70% rejection rate for Human faces
Adults had a 94% rejection rate for Cartoon Faces
Children had a 45% rejection rate for Human faces
Children had a 74% rejection rate for Cartoon Faces
Outline one assumption of the cognitive approach in psychology.
-Information is processed through the same route in all humans: input – process – output, in a similar way to how information is processed by a computer.
-People have individual differences in their cognitive processing such as with attention, language, thinking, and memory
(Either can be taken)
Where was Group 1 (children) recruited from?
Kindergarten classes in three private schools in Eastern Ontario, Canada.
Name the experimental designs of this study.
-Independent Measures Design
-Repeated Measures Design
Outline the term ‘false positive responses’, using an example from the study by Pozzulo et al.
This is when a person believes they are making an accurate choice, but it is not.
In the Pozzulo study, this would be the children choosing a person in a line-up even though the culprit is not in the line-up.
Give two exact results regarding the correct identification rate in the study by Pozzulo et al.
Any two are valid:
Children had a 23% correct identification rate for Human faces
Children had a 99% correct identification rate for Cartoon Faces
Adults had a 66% correct identification rate for Human faces
Adults had a 95% correct identification rate for Cartoon Faces
Describe the situational and individual explanations of this study.
-The expectation of the target person being in the line-up affected their choices, probably due to the social pressures of questioning. (situational)
-There may be individual differences in the way children process faces and memories for events.(individual)
Describe Group Group 2 (Adults) Including the age range, mean age, and the number of males and females.
Age: 17-30
Mean age: 20.54
36 females and 17 males
Describe both of the aims of this study.
To investigate if cognitive/or social factors affect correct identification and false positive responses In a line-up.
To investigate correct identification and false positive responses in a line-up in relation to the familiarity of the target.
List all the Independent and dependent variables.
-IV:
Age
Type of face/degree of familiarity
Type of line-up
-DV:
Correct identification rate for target-present
Correct rejection rate for target-absent
Suggest how child eyewitnesses can be helped to accurately identify the criminal they have seen, using your knowledge of the study by Pozzulo et al.
-Make sure the child is comfortable before questioning.
-Do not have line-ups where the ‘target’ is absent
-Increase trust for decisions by children where the ‘target’ is known to them (e.g., family member)
(Can have other credit worthy responses)
Give two strengths and two weaknesses regarding this study and explain each.
Strengths:
-Quantitative Data: The data is numerical, the process is objective and scientific
-High Levels of standardization and so can be replicated to test for reliability
-High levels of control Researchers can be more confident it is the IV directly affecting the DV
Weaknesses:
-Participants take part in tasks that are nothing like real-life tasks, so tasks lack mundane realism
-For a repeated measures design, order effects can affect the findings of the study (practice effect)
(More credible responses)
Describe Group 1 (Children) Including the age range, mean age, and the number of males and females.
Age: 4-7
Mean age:4.98
21 females and 38 males
Describe the two hypotheses within the study.
-Young children and adults will produce comparable correct identification rates with a lower cognitive demand lineup.
-Young children will produce higher false positive rates than adults regardless of the cognitive demands of the task.
Describe the ‘line-up presentation’ for the target-present condition. (At least 4 details)
-The target was in the line-up with three other photographs/foils.
-All of the pictures were shown simultaneously.
-The target’s line-up position was randomized.
-Each participant watched four videos.
-These were presented on a laptop.
-The position of the target was counterbalanced across photo arrays/line-ups.
-A silhouette was also included in the line-up.
Outline the conclusions of the study.
(There are two)
-"Children are likely to make an error in target-absent condition due to an expectation to the social demands to make a selection rather than due to faulty memory”
-"Children’s memories for potential culprits of a crime should be taken as being valid but only if the culprit is in the lineup."
Give a result and explain why this study supports the cognitive approach in psychology.
Ex. Children correctly identified 99% of the cartoon faces this could follow the principles of input, process and output
Ex. Adults correctly identified 66% of human faces This shows that people do have individual differences in memory recall.
(There are other credit worthy responses)