Memory (Chapter 7)
What is the sequence of memory stages?
Encoding-storage (consolidation)-retreival
Define the three types of intelligence that make up Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence.
Analytical Intelligence: similar to that measured by psychometric tests - being good at problem solving, completing analogies, completing puzzles, and other academic challenges
Practical intelligence: refers to dealing with everyday tasks, like knowing whether a parking space is big enough, being an effective leader, etc.
Creative intelligence: the ability to gain insight and solve novel problems - to think in new and interesting ways
Define the Socioemotional Selectivity Theory.
A theory proposing that as people grow older, they view time as limited and therefore shift their focus to meaningful events, experiences, and goals.
What are the 3 components of an emotion?
Physiological Response
Behavioral Response
Thoughts
What are the terms that refer to positive and negative stress? Give examples for each.
Eustress: Positive
Distress: Negative
People experiencing ______ amnesia are unable to recall memories from the past, whereas people experiencing ______ amnesia are unable to form new memories.
retrograde
anterograde
Define crystallized vs. fluid intelligence.
Fluid intelligence: reflects the ability to process information, understand relationships, and think logically, particularly in novel or complex circumstances
Crystallized intelligence: reflects both the knowledge acquired through experience and the ability to use that knowledge
Preconventional: The view that development is a self-organizing process, in which new forms of behavior emerge through consistent interactions between a person and cultural and environmental contexts.
Conventional: Middle stage of moral development; at this level, strict adherence to societal rules and the approval of others determine what is moral.
Postconventional: Highest stage of moral development; at this level, decisions about morality depend on abstract principles and the value of all life.
Valence and arousal
What are some effects of stress on your body over time?
Decreased immune response, heart issues
Imagine you are a manager seeking to hire a new employee. Before leaving work Monday afternoon, you look through a stack of 30 resumes organized alphabetically by last name. When you return to work Tuesday morning, which job applicant are you most likely to remember and why (what effect)?
Name at the beginning because of the primacy effect
Define symbolic vs. analogical representations.
Analogical representations: Mental representations that have some of the physical characteristics of what they represent (usually images)
Symbolic representations: Abstract mental representations that do not correspond to the physical features of objects or ideas
Define the Dynamic Systems Theory.
The view that development is a self-organizing process, in which new forms of behavior emerge through consistent interactions between a person and cultural and environmental contexts.
What is the difference between mood and emotion? Give an example.
Mood: Diffuse, long lasting emotional states that do not have an identifiable trigger or a specific behavioral or physiological response
Emotion: Immediate response, identifiable trigger, interrupts whats happening
What are the 3 major types of stress? Give examples of each.
Major Life Stressors: Changes or disruptions that strain central areas of people’s lives
Chronic Stress: Set of ongoing challenges often linked to long term illness, poverty, or caregiving
Daily Hassles: Small, day-to-day, irritations and annoyances
What are the differences between episodic, semantic, and procedural memory? Give example of each.
Episodic memory: memory of a past experience that can be identified as occurring at a time and place
Semantic memory: knowledge of concepts, categories and facts independent of personal experience.
Procedural Memory: Skilled and goal-oriented behaviors that become automatic
Explain how protoypes and exemplars are different
Prototype model: Within each category, there is a best example - a “prototype” - for that category
Exemplar model: All members of a category are examples (exemplars); together they form the concept and determine category membership
Name and define Piaget's four stages of cognitive development.
Sensorimotor: Think with senses; behavior becomes more intentional; object permanence develops
Preoperational: Thinking becomes symbolic; intuitive, non-logical (centration, conservation errors), egocentric until theory of mind stops developing
Concrete operational: Logical about concrete information; able to overcome conservation error; limitation in abstract & hypothetical thinking
Formal operational: Abstract & hypothetical thinking, ability to formulate and test hypotheses through deductive logic
What are the 2 main structures in the limbic system for emotions and what does each do?
Insula: Awareness of bodily states (sensing heartbeat, feeling hungry)
Amygdala: Process emotional significance of stimuli, generates immediate emotional and behavioral reactions, emotional learning
What are the systems in your body that stress activates? Which one is slow and which is fast?
Sympathetic nervous system (fast)
HPA Axis (slow)
Differences between long and short-term memory.
Working memory: what we are consciously focusing on; 20-30 seconds; actively monitor
Long term memory: longer duration and greater capacity
Define schemas and scripts.
Schemas help us perceive, organize, understand, and process information, while scripts are schemas that direct behavior over time within a situation
Name and define the four types of attachment.
Secure: May or may not cry when separated, but when parent returns they actively seek contact with them and are easily comforted by them
Insecure-avoidant: Unresponsive to parent when present, not very distressed when caregiver leaves, when caregiver returns are slow to greet them and may not cling to them
Insecure-anxious/resistant: Explore less when caregiver is present, distressed at separation, when reunited they are angry, resistant, hard to comfort
Disorganized: At reunion they show confused behaviors, look dazed or depressed, may look frozen
How do the three main theories of emotions differ?
James-Lange: Stimulus-Arousal-Emotion
Cannon Bard: Stimulus - Simultaneous emotion and arousal
Schacter-Singer 2 Factor: Stimulus- Arousal- Attribution-Emotion
What are the limitations of problem-focused coping vs emotion-focused coping? Give examples of when you would use each.
Problem-focused: only work of you can do something about the stressor
Emotion-focused: Do not solve the problem or prevent it form reoccurring; Only effective in short term