I Get the Sense...
These light-sensitive photoreceptor cells allow us to detect objects in low light and are responsible for our peripheral vision.
What are rods?
According to this theory of color vision, we see all colors as a result of a combination of three types of cones (red, green, and blue).
What is the trichromatic theory of color vision?
When a child misbehaves and we take away their favorite toy, what technique of operant conditioning are we using?
What is negative punishment?
In classical conditioning, this is the reaction that occurs without any learning needing to occur.
What is an Unconditioned Response (UCR)?
The Bobo Doll experiment showed that people don't always learn by operant or classical conditioning, but by watching others, called this.
What is observational learning (or vicarious learning or modeling)?
This is the snail-shaped bony tube in the inner ear, containing the basilar membrane and organ of Corti.
What is the cochlea?
One of the two main types of hearing loss, this type typically results from physical damage to the structures of the middle ear.
What is conduction hearing impairment?
When you are motivated by getting good grades, good grades are this kind of reinforcer, because the value has to be learned and it gains power through its association with job opportunities and the money that they provide for food and other necessities.
What is a secondary reinforcer?
This is the name for the decrease or disappearance in the conditioned response when the UCS is no longer presented.
What is extinction?
Classical conditioning concerns these types of behaviors, while operant conditioning is about the association built between voluntary behaviors and these. (two answers - in order)
What are automatic (involuntary) and consequences?
The minimum detectable value of a stimulus
What is the absolute threshold?
You enter your shade-darkened den from the bright sunlight of the beach outside your door. For a while, it is difficult to see. Soon, you undergo this process and can see quite well.
What is dark adaptation?
A person working in sales who gets a 2% commission for every 5 items sold is being rewarded on this type of schedule.
What is a fixed-ratio schedule?
This is the tendency of stimuli similar to a conditioned stimulus eliciting a conditioned response (like how all fire alarms might sound different, but they beget the same action).
What is stimulus generalization?
Tolman's work on rat mazes and latent learning provided us with evidence of this in the rats, formed from latent learning (which helped lead us back to studying the mind). It is a mental representation of physical space.
What is a cognitive map?
The sense of smell
What is olfaction?
Taking basic information about incoming sensory stimuli and processing them for further interpretation.
What is bottom-up processing?
This is the method of reinforcing closer and closer approximations of the target behavior (like clapping vigorously when someone gets close to turning off the light switch). In other words, this method uses successive approximations.
What is shaping?
This type of negative response to food is acquired through classical conditioning.
What is conditioned taste aversion?
Learning that occurs but seems "hidden" until there is a reinforcement provided.
What is latent learning?
This is the process of the lens changing its shape to adjust for the distance of an object, helping us focus.
What is accommodation?
These are the main two binocular cues for depth perception by your brain.
What are retinal disparity and convergence?
This schedule of reinforcement produces a high rate of response and establishes behaviors that are difficult to extinguish.
What is variable-ratio schedule?
This happens when a second neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a conditioned stimulus, and becomes a conditioned stimulus itself.
What is higher-order conditioning?
To engage in observational learning, Bandura argued that these 4 things must be present in the learner (name at least 2 correctly).
What are 1. attention, 2. memory, 3. ability, and 4. motivation?