I Get the Sense...
These light sensitive photoreceptor cells allow us to detect objects in low light, and are responsible for our peripheral vision.
What are rods?
According to this theory of color vision, we see all colors as a result of a combination of three types of cones (red, green, and blue).
What is the trichromatic theory of color vision?
When a child misbehaves and we take away their favorite toy, what technique of operant conditioning are we using?
What is negative punishment?
In classical conditioning, this is the reaction that occurs without any learning needing to occur.
What is an Unconditioned Response (UCR)?
Learning that occurs, but seems "hidden" until there is a reinforcement provided.
What is latent learning?
This is the snail-shaped bony tube in the inner ear, containing the basilar membrane and organ of Corti.
What is the cochlea?
One of the two main types of hearing loss, this type typically results from physical damage to the structures of the middle ear.
What is conduction hearing impairment?
When you are motivated by getting good grades, the good grades are this kind of reinforcer, because the value has to be learned.
What is a secondary reinforcer?
This is the name for the decrease in the conditioned response when the UCS is no longer presented.
What is extinction?
Classical conditioning concerns these types of behaviors, while operant conditioning is about the association built between voluntary behaviors and these. (two answers - in order)
What are automatic (involuntary) and consequences?
This sense, closely associated with the structures of the ear, contributes to our ability to maintain balance and body posture in space.
What is the vestibular sense?
According to this theory, a gating mechanism opens and closes to let pain messages through to the brain or to shut them out, and is responsible for our perception of pain.
What is Gate-Control Theory of Pain?
A person working in sales who gets a 2% commission for every 5 items sold is being rewarded on this type of schedule.
What is fixed-ratio?
This is the tendency of stimuli similar to a conditioned stimulus eliciting a conditioned response (like how all fire alarms might sound different, but they beget the same action).
What is stimulus generalization?
Tolman's work on rat mazes and latent learning provided us with evidence of this in the rats, formed from latent learning (which helped lead us back to studying the mind).
What is a cognitive map?
Unlike other senses, which travel through the thalamus before heading to a different area of the cerebral cortex, the sense of smell goes directly here, to a structure in front of the brain above the nostrils.
What is the olfactory bulb?
This is a central principle of the Gestalt approach, involving shifting of focus - as attention is focused on one object, all other features recede into the backdrop.
What is the figure-ground principle?
This is the method of reinforcing closer and closer approximations of the target behavior (like clapping vigorously when someone gets close to turning off the light switch).
What is shaping?
This type of negative response to food is acquired through classical conditioning.
What is conditioned taste aversion?
The Bobo Doll experiment showed that people don't always learn by operant or classical conditioning, but by watching others, called this.
What is observational learning (or vicarious learning or modeling)?
This is the process of the lens changing its shape to adjust for the distance of an object, helping us focus.
What is accommodation?
These are the main two binocular cues for depth perception by your brain.
What are retinal disparity and convergence?
This schedule of reinforcement produces a high rate of response, and establishes behaviors that are difficult to extinguish.
What is variable-ratio?
This happens when a second neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a conditioned stimulus, and becomes a conditioned stimulus itself.
What is higher order conditioning?
To engage in observational learning, Bandura argued that these 4 things must be present in the learner.
What are 1. attention, 2. memory, 3. ability, and 4. motivation?