Cognition Pioneers!
The early psychological method involving trained observers reporting on their own conscious experiences
Introspection
This brain imaging technique uses magnetic fields to create detailed pictures of brain structure
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
These two types of photoreceptors in the retina are responsible for vision in low light and color vision, respectively.
Rods and Cones
The cocktail party effect, where you hear your name in an unattended conversation, provides evidence for this type of selection model/theory
Late-selection models
This effect shows that letters are recognized more easily when presented in words than in isolation.
The Word Superiority Effects
Watson and Skinner championed this approach that focused only on observable behavior and rejected the study of 'mental processes'
The cerebral cortex is divided into these four lobes
Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital
These perceptual principles demonstrate that our perception of organized patterns exceeds what we would predict from analyzing individual elements alone.
Gestalt principles ('the whole is greater than the sum of its parts)
This phenomenon occurs when people fail to notice an unexpected stimulus in plain sight because their attention is focused elsewhere.
Inattentional blindness.
This is the process by which features, such as color, form, motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object.
Binding
The Cognitive Revolution allowed researchers to study these internal processes that behaviorism explicitly rejected.
Mental processes (thinking, memory, perception, attention, etc)
These structures lie beneath the cerebral cortex and include the thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala.
Subcortical structures
This form of perceptual constancy explains why you can tell that a door is rectangular, whether it is open or closed.
Shape constancy
In the Stroop task, naming the ink color of color words is difficult because this process interferes with the task.
Reading (or word recognition - an automatic process)
Unlike other objects, faces are processed in this way - as complete wholes rather than as individual features.
Holistic (or configural) processing
This type of conditioning pairs a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response
Classical Conditioning
Unlike structural imaging, fMRI and PET scans measure this aspect of the brain, showing areas of increased blood flow during tasks.
Brain activity (or function/neural activity)
This process causes adjacent photoreceptors to inhibit each other's signals, enhancing perception of edges and creating illusions like the checkerboard square demonstration.
Lateral Inhibition
According to capacity theories of attention, divided attention performance depends on these two factors
Task similarity and task difficulty
The ability to recognize degraded or partial stimuli demonstrates that perception relies on this in addition to sensory input.
Prior knowledge (or top-down processing/expectations)
Introspection failed as a scientific method primarily because reports were not this: different observers gave different accounts of the same experience.
Reliable (or replicable/objective)
While communication within a neuron is electrical, communication between neurons at the synapse is this type of signal.
Anne Treisman's Feature Integration Theory distinguishes between these two types of visual search tasks, with one requiring focused attention.
Feature search and Conjunction search
Performance on divided attention tasks improves with practice because well-learned tasks require less of this.
Attentional capacity (or attention/cognitive resources)
Evidence that faces are processed in a special way includes this effect, where rotating faces 180 degrees causes much greater recognition impairment than it does for other objects.
Inversion effect