Stages of Human Development
What is infancy?
The developmental stage that begins at birth and lasts until around 24 months.
What is object permanence?
This ability develops in infancy and involves knowing that an object continues to exist even when out of sight.
What is the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory?
This theory suggests that emotions are a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive label.
What is attachment?
This strong emotional bond that develops between infants and their caregivers is critical for survival.
What is transitivity?
People generally share their friends’ opinions of other people; if Person A and Person B are friends, then if Person A likes Person C and dislikes Person D, then Person B will also tend to like Person C and dislike Person D
What is adolescence?
This stage marks the transition from childhood to adulthood and is characterized by the onset of puberty.
What is the sensorimotor stage?
The first stage in Piaget’s theory, where infants learn through their senses and motor skills.
What is sadness?
A primary emotion that is universally recognized and is characterized by feeling upset or unhappy.
Who is Mary Ainsworth?
This psychologist is known for the "strange situation" test, which identified different attachment styles in children.
What is Ingroup favoritism?
The tendency for people to evaluate favorably and privilege members of the ingroup more than members of the outgroup.
What is the embryonic stage?
The prenatal stage where the developing human is referred to as an embryo.
What is egocentrism?
The cognitive milestone in the preoperational stage where children struggle to see the world from others' perspectives.
What is the amygdala?
This is the brain structure most closely associated with processing emotions such as fear and aggression.
What is insecure attachment?
This term refers to an adolescent's sense of belonging within peer groups, often crucial for social identity development.
What is social facilitation?
The idea that the presence of others generally enhances performance
What is late adulthood?
This stage of adulthood typically begins after age 65.
What is assimilation?
This concept explains how children incorporate new information into existing schemas.
What is guilt?
The secondary emotion that occurs when a person feels responsible for someone else's negative feelings.
What is observational learning?
This theory highlights that children can imitate the behavior they observe in their environment.
When do people reject social norms?
–group size
–lack of unanimity
–any dissent from the majority
Who is Erik Erikson?
The theorist who proposed the eight stages of psychosocial development.
What is the concrete operational stage?
During this cognitive stage, children begin to understand logical operations and conservation.
What is deception detection?
This term describes the physiological and emotional response to being lied to.
What is peer affiliation?
This term refers to an adolescent's sense of belonging within peer groups, often crucial for social identity development.
What do Milgram's experiments suggest?
–Milgram’s research demonstrated that ordinary people may do horrible things when ordered to do so by an authority.
–Individuals who are concerned about others’ perceptions of them are more likely to be obedient.
–Obedience decreases with greater distance from the authority.