History & Research Methods
This early perspective, led by William James, focused on how behavior helps people adapt to their environment.
What is functionalism?
These tree-like extensions on neurons receive incoming messages.
What are dendrites?
Piaget’s first stage of development is called this.
What is the sensorimotor stage?
Pavlov discovered this type of learning by pairing a neutral stimulus with food.
What is classical conditioning?
Freud believed this part of personality seeks pleasure with no concern for consequences.
What is the id?
This type of research method gathers data from many people quickly through questionnaires.
What is a survey?
This part of the nervous system controls voluntary muscle movement.
What is the somatic nervous system?
The ability to understand that others have thoughts different from one’s own is known as this “theory.”
What is theory of mind?
In operant conditioning, any event that decreases a behavior is called this.
What is punishment?
This part of personality operates on the reality principle.
What is the ego?
In an experiment, this variable is measured to determine if it changed.
What is the dependent variable?
This lobe of the brain plays the biggest role in planning, judgment, and reasoning.
What is the frontal lobe?
According to Erikson, this is the major conflict of early childhood (ages 3–6).
What is initiative vs. guilt?
Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment demonstrated this type of learning.
What is observational learning (modeling)?
Freud said this “judge” of personality strives for perfection.
What is the superego?
This method keeps both the participants and researchers unaware of who is receiving treatment.
What is a double-blind procedure?
This neurotransmitter is strongly associated with reward, pleasure, and movement.
What is dopamine?
Parents who give children warmth and structure are using this parenting style.
What is authoritative parenting?
When a conditioned response reappears after extinction, this phenomenon occurs.
What is spontaneous recovery?
Redirecting unacceptable impulses toward a safer target is this defense mechanism.
What is displacement?
When a researcher unintentionally communicates expectations and influences results, this type of bias occurs.
What is experimenter bias?
This system controls glands that release hormones into the bloodstream.
What is the endocrine system?
Piaget believed children begin logical thought (but still struggle with abstract thinking) during this stage.
What is the concrete operational stage?
In classical conditioning, this occurs when a subject responds differently to similar but distinct stimuli.
What is stimulus discrimination?
Jung believed that universal inherited memories shared by all humans make up this.
What is the collective unconscious?