Kennedy
the formal writing system used in Ancient Egypt with some 1,000 distinct characters
Hieroglyphics
when food availability and stock exceeds the demand
Food Surplus
Bones used during the Shang Dynasty to predict the future
Oracle Bones
relating to or believing in the principle that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities.
Egalitarian
ancient masonry structures located in Egypt, most built for as tombs for the country's pharaohs
Pyramids
flows south from the mountains of the Armenian Highlands through the Syrian and Arabian Deserts, and empties into the Persian Gulf.
Tigris River
the study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites and the analysis of artifacts and other physical remains.
Archeology
The movement of a person or people from one country, locality, place of residence, etc., to settle in another
Migration
The longest river in Africa, flowing from the middle of continent North towards the Mediterranean Sea
Nile River
the early phase of the Stone Age, lasting about 2.5 million years, when primitive stone implements were used.
Paleolithic
Kingdom in the Northeast of Africa ruled by Pharaohs. Known for its expertise in quarrying, agricultural adaptation to the flooding of the Nile,
Egyptian Empire
Most of the human population lives on a diet based on one or more of the following: cereals (rice, wheat, maize (corn), millet, and sorghum), roots and tubers (potatoes, yams and taro).
Agriculture Staple
To tend their fields, people had to stop wandering, where they developed new tools and created pottery.
Permanent Settlements
Who was safer from attacks--Egyptians or Mesopotamians?
Egyptians -- They protected the Nile, the only way to attack them efficiently. Mesopotamia had no internal barriers, and lots of wealth to attract attention.
flows through Syria and Iraq to join the Tigris in the Shatt al-Arab, which empties into the Persian Gulf.
Euphrates River
an object made by a human being, typically an item of cultural or historical interest.
Artifact
the mutual relationship between non-human animals and the humans who have influence on their care and reproduction.
Domestication of Animals
the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level.
subsistence
the notion that royalty is given divine sanction to rule
Divine Right
The name comes from a Greek word meaning “between rivers,” referring to the land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. This region was home to many cultures and languages,
Mesopotamia
a rectangular stepped tower, sometimes surmounted by a temple found in Mesopotamia.
The ancient god or divine force known as Heaven or Sky selected a particular individual to rule on its behalf on earth.
Mandate of Heaven
denoting or relating to the wedge-shaped characters used in the ancient writing systems of Mesopotamia, Persia, and Ugarit, surviving mainly impressed on clay tablets.
Cuneiform
the practice of seeking knowledge of the future or the unknown by supernatural means
Divination
What is the first thing we look at when analyzing a historical source?
Description/Caption/Identifying Information
Historical Context
the separation of the tasks in any economic system or organisation so that participants may specialize.
Division of Labor
These are not designed for people to reside in. Rather, they offer public areas, which can be symbolic or for certain activities
Monumental Architecture
A ranking system that determines the distribution of resources, opportunities, and influence.
Social Hierarchy
What was one of the first tactics leaders/rulers used to control the new larger populations?
the process of concentrating on and becoming expert in a particular subject or skill.
Specialization
machine, device, or method is more advanced or complex than others.
Sophisticated tools
A lifestyle dependant on domesticated livestock. People who migrate in an established territory to find pasturage for their animals
Pastoral Nomads
The largest desert in Africa, stretching across the middle of the continent
Sahara Desert
a member of a culture in which food is obtained by hunting, fishing, and foraging rather than by agriculture or animal husbandry
hunter-gatherer
Why did Early State Leaders build monumental architecture?
To display their wealth and power.