Evolution
In a phylogenetic tree, the group/organism that is LEAST related to the rest is called the...
Outgroup
The purposes of mitosis are...
1) repair damaged cells
2) growth
3) asexual reproduction for some organisms
DNA is built in the ________ direction.
5' --> 3'
In the inheritance pattern of ___________________, heterozygotes have the same phenotype as homozygous dominant individuals.
simple dominance
Which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication happen?
S phase
"Survival of the fittest" is a phrase that summarizes the evolution concept of...
Natural Selection
Mitosis creates ___ daughter cells that are __________ to the parent. Meiosis makes ___ daughter cells that are ____________ from the parent cell.
2, identical
4, different
What are the 3 components in a nucleotide?
sugar, phosphate, and base (A,C, G, T, or U)
The inheritance pattern of _________________, heterozygotes show a blend of the homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive phenotypes.
incomplete dominance
During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids get pulled apart?
Anaphase
Which type of evidence for evolution is described below:
All arthropods, including crustaceans, arachnids, and insects, all have an exoskeleton due to a common ancestor who had an exoskeleton.
Homologous structure
During which phase in mitosis does the nuclear envelope disappear?
Prophase
The enzyme _________ unzips the DNA template strands so that the enzyme ________________ can start building new DNA strands. The ____________ strand is built in fragments that will be glued together by the enzyme __________.
helicase
DNA polymerase
lagging strand
ligase
In cattle, genotype RR leads to a red coat (burgundy ish) and rr leads to a white coat. Heterozygotes with genotype Rr are white with red spots. If an all red cow is mated with an all white cow, what types of offspring would be expected?
100% white and red spots (roan).
An anatomical structure in an organism that doesn't have a purpose anymore is called a __________? Give an example.
Vestigial structure
ex: hip bones in whale, tail bones in humans, eyes in blind animals
Which mechanism of evolution is described:
A tornado destroys 90% of the trees in a forest. Out of the survivors, most have light colored bark. 30 years later the forest has regrown and it is mostly light colored trees.
Genetic drift (bottleneck effect)
If a snake EGG cell has 22 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would be in a skin cell ?
44
egg = haploid = 22
body cell = diploid = 44
Verbally describe what happens during the processes of transcription and translation.
Transcription: In the nucleus, a gene in DNA is read and made into a strand of mRNA which can leave the nucleus.
Translation: At a ribosome, the mRNA is read in chunks of 3 nucleotides called codons. Each codon determines an amino acid in the growing protein. tRNA brings the amino acids to the ribosome.
What is the genotype of person #1?
BO (type B)
What are the 2 main categories of mutations? Which type of mutation has the biggest effect on protein structure and why?
Categories: point and frameshift
Frameshift because it affects all codons and amino acids after the mutation.
Which letter on the tree represents the most recent common ancestor between amphibians and crocodiles?
D
Model crossing over on the whiteboard. Which process (mitosis or meiosis) does it happen in? What phase? What is the purpose?
happens during meiosis, metaphase I
purpose: increase genetic diversity by scrambling parental alleles
Transcribe the following DNA segment into mRNA
C T C G G T A C A T A C T A G A T C
G A G C C A U G U A U G A U C U A G
The pedigree shows an X-linked recessive inheritance pattern. Write out the genotypes for people 1-5. Use XH and Xh for your alleles.
1 = XHY
2 = XHXh
3 = XhY
4 = XHX___ (we don't know her second allele)
5 = XHXh
transcribe and translate the following DNA segment
A A T G A C G G C A C G
mRNA: U U A C U G C C G U G C
protein: Leu --- Leu --- Pro --- Cys