Royal Rulers
This king was forced to sign the Magna Carta in 1215
Who is King John?
This Archbishop of Canterbury was murdered in a cathedral after a dispute with King Henry II
Who is Thomas Beckett?
Church order emphasizing poverty and service
who are the Franciscans?
is seen as a forerunner to modern scientific methods.
Who is Roger Bacon
The trivium included grammar, rhetoric, and this subject
What is Logic?
French king who strengthened the monarchy and was later canonized
Who is Louis IX or St. Louis the King?
This pope quarreled with King John over the appointment of an archbishop and eventually placed England under interdict
Who is Pope Innocent III?
A female branch of the Franciscans
Who are the Poor Clares?
questioned contradictions in Church writings
Who is Peter Abelard?
The quadrivium included arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and this
What is music?
This son of Eleanor of Aquitaine earned fame fighting in the Crusades
Who is Richard the Lionheart?
French king who had Pope Boniface VIII kidnapped, starting a chain of events leading to the Avignon Papacy.
Who is Philip the Fair?
heretical group in southern France rejected the authority of the Catholic Church
Who are the Albigensians (Cathars)
aimed to reconcile faith and reason in his works to justify the existence of God.
who is Thomas Aquinas?
These regulations established rules for professors and students
What are Statutes of University of Paris?
This English monarch’s attempt to centralize legal authority clashed with the Church, culminating in the martyrdom of an archbishop
Who is Henry II?
This medieval council in 1215 strengthened Church doctrine and required yearly confession and communion.
What is the 4th Lateran Council?
This group of wandering preachers from Spain emphasized education and fighting heresy.
Who are the Dominicans
Written in the 13th century, this massive theological text sought to resolve contradictions between reason and divine revelation through structured debate and scholastic logic.
What is Summa Theologica?
A formal method of inquiry combining logic and debate, used in universities and by Aquinas
What is Scholasticism
this Holy Roman Emperor’s accidental death during the Third Crusade left his army in disarray and weakened Christian efforts.
Who is Frederick Barbarossa?
claimed supreme papal authority.
Who is Pope Boniface VIII?
Condemned as heretics for rejecting clerical authority and promoting lay preaching
Who are the Waldenisians
This Florentine intellectual’s political treatise argued that universal peace could be achieved under a secular emperor, independent of papal control.
Who is Dante?
“By doubting we come to inquiry, and through inquiry, we perceive truth.”
Who is Peter Abelard