Mitral Regurgitation
Name THREE mitral valve issues that could cause mitral regurgitation
What is
-Flail mitral leaflet
-Prolapse
-Thickening
-tenting
-endocarditis
-poor coaptation
A condition where the mitral valve's anterior leaflet moves toward the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) during systole.
What is Systolic Anterior Motion (SAM)
When the stent of the TAVR is seated right at the LVOT or further into the AoV then LVOT diameter is measured ____ edge to ____ edge. (ex. Edwards S3)
What is Outer to Outer
*when the stent protrudes into the LVOT Cavity, then the LVOT diameter should be measured inner to inner stend diameter. (ex. medtronic evolut.)
What most commonly causes a Pulmonary Embolism?
What is Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
What is the most common site of a left ventricular thrombus?
what is the LV APEX
A measure of the severity of mitral regurgitation (MR) that's calculated by dividing the volume of blood that flows backward through the mitral valve by the total stroke volume.
Regurgitant Fraction (RF%)
<30 - mild
30-49 - moderate
>50 -severe
A wall thickness measuring >___mm is indicative of HCM.
An aortic valve area of ___ (cm^2) indicated severe AS
<1 cm^2
Name FIVE possible symptoms of a patient presenting with a PE
-Shortness of Breath
-Chest Pain
-Leg Swelling
-Rapid Heartbeat
-Sweating/Fainting
-pain, warmth, tenderness in the affected clot area
Name TWO potential causes of infective endocarditis
What is
-dental procedures
-intravenous drug use
-prosthetic valves
-infectious disease
-skin disorders
The following measurements indicate mild, moderate or severe MR.
EROA <0.2 CM^2
RVOL <30 ML
RF <30%
what is MILD
If you have a parent with HCM you are __% more likely to inherit the disease
What is 50%
What is the best view to see a potential perivalvular leak post TAVR?
What is Short Axis
Name FOUR possible echo findings on a patient with a PE.
What is
-Enlarged RV
-Interventricular Septal Flattening
-McConnell's Sign
-Mid systolic notching of pulmonic valve
-Pulmonary Acceleration Time of <60 m/s
A condition where the walls of the fluid-filled pouch around your heart, the pericardium, become too stiff or thick.
What is Constrictive Pericarditis
Name the 3 components of the Mitral Regurgitation Jet
What is
1. Flow convergence
2. Vena Contracta
3. Jet Expansion
Name THREE possible complications in a patient with HCM
What is
-Enlarged LV
-Reduced Function
-Blocked blood flow
-Mitral Regurgitation
-Heart Failure
-Fainting
-Chest Pain
AS cases with low flow - low gradient - and reduced EF may require what type of further testing?
what is a Dobutamine Stress Test
Name THREE McConnell's Sign Characteristics
What is
-Distinct regional RV dysfunction
-Akinetic, bulging mid RV free wall
-Normal RV apex
-Hyperkinetic LV apex
The Coronary Artery that feeds the anterior free wall of the left ventricle
What is the LAD
Name FIVE of the eight measurements needed for MR evaluation
what is
1. LVOT diameter
2. LVOT VTI
3. MV annulus diameter A4C & A2C
4.MV Annulus VTI
5. MR VTI
6. MV VTI
7. MR Radius & Aliasing velocity
8. MR vena contracta
What is the minimum pressure gradient to be classified as an LVOT obstruction
What is ...
LVOTO has been defined as a peak instantaneous gradient at LV outflow of at least 30 mmHg, either at rest or with Valsalva.
What are the TWO types of Aortic Stenosis
What is Congenital & Acquired
1. Congenital - occurs when the aortic valve is abnormally formed at birth (ex. bicuspid aortic valve)
2. Acquired - This type of aortic stenosis develops later in life, usually due to calcium buildup on the valve flaps. This can happen as part of the aging process, or as a result of rheumatic fever or chest radiation.
A condition that can occur in patients with a RECURRING PE over a period of time.
What is Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension (CTEPH)
What is a condition also known as "Broken Heart Syndrome" and how is it characterized on echo?
What is Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy
Characteristics on echo:
-Ballooning of the LV Apex
-Regional dyssynchrony
-wall motion abnormality