Intelligence
State what is meant by intelligence.
Intelligence is the capacity to learn, reason, solve problems and adapt to new situations.
Key words: learn • reason • problem-solving • adapt
State what is meant by abnormal behaviour.
Deviation • difference from expected/accepted context
State the three components of the biopsychosocial approach.
Biological, psychological and social factors.
State what is meant by motivation.
Intiation/direction and maintenance of behaviour working towards a goal.
Describe the difference between fluid and crystallised intelligence.
Fluid → novel problems / reasoning
Crystallised → learned knowledge / experience
Describe statistical abnormality as a criterion for determining abnormal behaviour.
Behaviour that is rare/uncommon
Compared with population
Describe one biological risk factor for psychological disorders.
Genetic vulnerability/predispositions/history/heredity
Increase susceptibility/risk/likelihood
Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and provide examples.
Intrinsic - Comes from within e.g enjoyment
Extrinsic - Comes from external source e.g reward/punishment
Explain how an individual's environment can influence the development of intelligence.
education • nutrition • learning opportunities (1 mark)
Stimulation (1 mark)
cognitive development (1 mark)
Explain why statistical abnormality alone is insufficient for diagnosing a psychological disorder, give an example.
Uncommon does not mean disorder
Accurate example
Diagnosis requires impairment/distress
Explain how psychological and social factors may contribute to the development of a psychological disorder.
Relevant psychological factor - negative thoughts, distress, low mood, stress, exhaustion
Social factor - Isolation, stressful relationships
Explain the role of physiological arousal in an emotional response.
Emotional stimulus --> triggers response e.g heart rate, sweating, breathing differences etc.
Bodily response --> part of physiological component of emotional response
Compare Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence with Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.
Sternberg → analytical • creative • practical
Gardner → multiple intelligences
Both are broader than IQ/general intelligence
Comparative language
Explain why cultural considerations are important when diagnosing psychological disorders.
Explain cultural norms influence on behaviours.
Elaborate why cultural norms are relevant to behaviour
Connection to psychologist and incorrect diagnosis
Compare psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy as treatments for psychological disorders.
Psychotherapy - Modification of thoughts/attitudes/beliefs, emotions/disposition/mood and behaviours
Explain how cognitive appraisal can influence a person's emotional response using an example.
Define cognitive appraisal
Relevant example
State influence on emotional response
Evaluate the use of IQ tests as a measure of intelligence.
State the use of IQ tests
State what they measure
Limitation of IQ tests
Overall evaluation
Explain how multiple criteria can be used to distinguish between normal and abnormal behaviour
State why multiple criteria are useful - Comprehensive determination
Identify influences that support the use of multiple criteria e.g statistical abnormality, social and cultural norms, dysfunction and distress levels
Explain how the biopsychosocial approach can be used to understand and treat a psychological disorder. Use examples to support your response.
Define biopsychosocial approach
Biological factor - genetics, heredity etc.
Psychological factor - negative thoughts, low mood etc.
Social factor - relationships, isolation etc.
Link to biopsychosocial approach - treatment targets multiple factors, wholistic understanding
Explain how physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal interact to produce an emotional response.
Emotion --> physiological arousal with example
Cognitive appraisal of arousal and situation
Interpretation + Arousal = emotion