Localisation of function
What is the two parts of the human nervous system?
The central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (somatic and autonomic)
What is visual perception?
The brain's ability to interpret and make sense of visual information received from our eyes.
Name 1 part of the brain that assists in memory formation or storage
Hippocampus, cerebellum
What is the main theory behind the Bobo doll experiment?
Social learning theory
What is the difference between Broca's area and Wernicke's area?
Broca's area - Speech and language production
Wernicke's area - language and speech comprehension
Name 3 biological influences on visual perception
physiological makeup, ageing and genetics
What is the difference between recall, recognition and relearning?
Recall - information must be retrieved from memories
Recognition - Is when the presentation of information is familiar and could act as a cue
relearning - revising and learning content that has been learned previously, if the right promts are found this is a quick process
What is stimulus generalisation and stimulus discrimination?
stimulus generalisation - when an individual responds to stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus.
stimulus discrimination - When an individual has the ability to distinguish between one stimulus and similar stimuli.
Name 3 parts of the brain that facilitate emotion
Limbic system, Amygdala and prefrontal cortex
Give 1 example of perceptual set influences
Give 1 example of visual perception principles
PS = past experience, context, motivation, emotional state
VPP = gestalt, depth cues, visual constancies
List 3 strategies to help remember information
SQ4R, chunking, maintenance rehearsal, elaborative rehearsal, method of loci
There are 4 main studies that are associated with the learning unit for the external exam, what are they?
Pavlov's dogs (Classical conditioning) - Pavlov
Skinner box (Operant conditioning) - Skinner
Little Albert (fear response) - Watson & Rayner
Bobo doll (social learning theory) - Bandura
What is the difference between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters?
Excitatory - excite the neurons and cause the messages to be 'fired' so the messages are passed to the next cell.
Inhibitory - prevents messages from being passed along in the neurons
List the 5 processes of visual perception
Reception, transduction, transmission, selection, organisation & interpretation
What is the duration and capacity of Short term and long term memory
Short term duration a few seconds, capacity is 7-9 pieces of information
Long term duration unlimited, capacity unlimited
Explain
Negative punishment, positive punishment
Negative reinforcement, positive reinforcement
Negative punishment - removal of a desired aspect as a result of an action to reduce a behaviour.
Positive punishment - Giving student an undesired chore etc. to reduce a behaviour.
Negative reinforcement - Taking away an undesirable aspect to increase a behaviour
Positive reinforcement - Giving students a desirable aspect to increase a behaviour
What neurotransmitters are present in Parkinsons and Alzheimers diease? Explain how it works.
Parkinsons is due to a lack of dopamine. Dopamine helps coordinate movement of nerves and cells so the trembles and shakes are caused because of it.
Alzheimer's is due to lack of acetylcholine which prevents people from remembering because of the slower neurotransmission.
List 2 studies conducted on visual perception
Hudson, 1960
Deregowski, 1972
Deregowski, Muldrow & Mulrdow, 1972
Define
encoding failure, retrieval failure and interference effects
Encoding failure - information fails to be effectively transferred and stored in the memory system due to insufficient or inadequate processing during the encoding stage.
Retrieval failure is where information is store in the Long Term memory but isn’t accessible. The information cannot be retrieved because the specific retrieval cues are not present
Interference effects are aspects that may interfere with your memory. It can be broken down into 2 main types. Proactive and retroactive.
Describe what happened in Pavlov's dog experiment AND the Skinner box experiment
Pavolvs dogs were classically conditioned to salivate over the sound of a bell. Whereas, The skinner box was a box where if rats pushed a button they would get rewarded with treats.