Basic Concepts
What is the unit of analysis? Give an example of a unit of analysis.
The unit of analysis is "what" or "who" you are collecting information from. Examples of units of analysis are Individuals, Groups, Social artifacts(books, photos, newspapers), Organizations, and geographical units.
What is a true experiment?
True experimental design is a statistical approach to establishing a cause-and-effect relationship between different variables.
What is validity?
Validity refers to how accurately a method measures what it is intended to measure. If research has high validity, that means it produces results that correspond to real properties, characteristics, and variations in the physical or social world.
What is snowball sampling?
a recruitment technique in which research participants are asked to assist researchers in identifying other potential subjects.
What is IRB in research?
an administrative body established to protect the rights and welfare of human research subjects recruited to participate in research activities conducted
What is an independent variable?
An independent variable is a variable you manipulate or vary in an experimental study to explore its effects
What is the difference between a true experiment and a quasi-experiment?
True experimental uses random assignments while quasi-experimental designs do not.
What is reliability?
The extent to which a research instrument consistently has the same results if it is used in the same situation or on repeated occasions.
What type of sampling method is this?
The strata are formed based on members' shared attributes or characteristics, such as income or educational attainment.
Stratified random sampling
What is the special population in research? Give examples,
There are some groups who have been identified by federal regulations as “vulnerable populations.
pregnant women, minors, prisoners, persons with diminished mental capacity, and those who are educationally or economically disadvantaged.
What is the dependent variable?
A dependent variable is a variable that changes because of the independent variable manipulation. It’s the outcome you’re interested in measuring, and it “depends” on your independent variable.
Which study design is this " a medical study examining the prevalence of cancer amongst a defined population?
What are some threats to external validity? One will suffice.
Sampling bias- The sample is not representative of the population
History- An unrelated event influences the outcomes.
Experimenter effect- The tendency for participants to change their behaviors simply because they know they are being studied.
Clustered sampling is what type of sampling?
Probability sampling
What is informed consent?
Informed consent means that the purpose of the research is explained to them, including what their role would be and how the trial will work.
What is a control variable?
A control variable is anything that is held constant or limited in a research study. It’s a variable that is not of interest to the study’s aims but is controlled because it could influence the outcomes.
What is the difference between Cross-sectional and longitudinal?
Cross-sectional studies assess people at one point in time, whereas longitudinal designs assess people over a long period of time.
What is internal validity?
Is the extent to which you can be confident that a cause-and-effect relationship established in a study cannot be explained by other factors.
The process of studying the population by gathering information and analyzing those data is called
Sampling
What is the difference between confidentiality and anonymity?
What is a hypothesis?
A hypothesis states your predictions about what your research will find. It is a tentative answer to your research question that has not yet been tested. For some research projects, you might have to write several hypotheses that address different aspects of your research question.
Involves a researcher using the information that someone else has gathered for his or her own purposes.
Is this an example of reliability or validity?
If you measure a cup of rice three times, you get the same result each time.
Reliability because that result is reliable.
A sampling method in which the researcher selects the sample based on subjective judgment rather than random selection is
Non-probability sampling
What is the passing mark for the qualifying exam?
70%, Please don't stress do your daily affirmations, meditate, pray, and do whatever makes you feel calm before the exam. Good luck everyone, Believe in yourself.