Observation types
This sampling method observes one location at different times.
What is location sampling?
This observer does not interact with participants.
What is nonparticipant observation?
Most qualitative research questions begin with these two words.
What are how and what?
Interviews are described as “a conversation with a ______.”
What is a purpose?
Researchers must describe this to strengthen credibility in observation research.
What is setting and context?
This sampling method focuses on a specific time at one location across days.
What is time sampling?
This observer becomes involved in the setting being studied.
What is participant-observation?
This word is typically avoided in qualitative research because it implies causality.
What is why?
This interview type follows a guide but allows flexibility.
What is a semi-structured interview?
If multiple researchers observe the same event, they should explain how they ensured this.
What is congruence or consistency?
This sampling method observes multiple locations across multiple times.
What is time-and-location sampling?
This occurs when behavior changes because people know they are being observed.
What is the Hawthorne effect?
Words like “effect,” “influence,” and “cause” are avoided because they imply this.
What is causation?
These types of questions should be avoided in interviews.
What are yes/no or dichotomous questions?
This question helps evaluate whether enough detail was provided for replication.
Could the study be replicated with the information provided?
This sampling variation focuses on an individual or group regardless of time or place.
What is person sampling?
This type of observation intentionally manipulates the setting.
What is contrived observation?
“What are the challenges faced by first-generation students?” is an example of this type of research question.
What is a qualitative research question?
Questions that suggest a preferred answer are called this.
What are leading questions?
In interview research, authors must show authenticity and this concept.
What is trustworthiness?
A rich explanation that allows the reader to enter and understand the setting.
What is thick description?
This type of observation does not manipulate the setting.
What is simple observation?
This rule states that your research question should determine your method.
What is the Golden Rule of Research?
This interview type uses predefined questions with little variation.
What is a structured interview?
Researchers should report similarities AND these to strengthen authenticity.
What are differences or anomalies?